An Analysis of the Seniority Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

An Analysis of the Seniority Problem - Essay Example Seniority in Companies can be positive or negative. This paper will discuss the positive and the negative of Seniority in companies non-unionized and unionized. How will Seniority affect the Company, Management, Co-Workers? The concept of seniority refers to an individual or a group who is in charge of or commands another individual or group. In companies seniority is often followed by additional privileges such as higher salary, more authority over subordinates, favorable work hours etc. â€Å"Seniority means precedence of position, especially precedence over others of the same rank by reason of a longer span of service. It is a system often used by employers as a basis for granting job benefits† (US Legal, 2009). Seniority systems help in protecting the employees from indiscriminate termination, occasioned by whims, malice or prejudice of the employer. On the other hand, it also helps in creating a harmonious work environment, filled with co-operation and solidarity amongst the workers (Ezorsky, Nickel, 1987). Several companies are known to offer job bidding rights to their employees which facilitate them in availing several perquisites. However these bidding rights are subject to certain restrictions imposed by the organizations, for instance, the employee claiming such a benefit must be employed in the company for a period of at least 12 months and / or worked in his capacity for a period of at least 6 months in his current job. Those who qualify are eligible to bid for additional benefits offered by the company such as promotion or transfer. According to Edwards (1993) â€Å"The right to seniority preference is closely linked to job – bidding rights†. In some organizations seniority preference rather often tend to be the determining factor in for employment, promotion, or transfer, and where factors such as qualification, skill and work record are more or less equal, seniority is

Role of Special Interest Groups Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Role of Special Interest Groups Paper - Essay Example Death penalty is such a big issue that has for a very long time affected formation of policies of most governments because Human Rights Activists are ever against this law because it at times is applied on innocent victims. In 1967 for instance, there were lots of cases revolving around crime in the U.S., which recorded a 16% increase. From this perspective, policies had to be formed to curb the rise in insecurity and for that reason; death penalty was the best option. However, most Human Right Activists still argue that death penalty is no deterrent to crime. While the policy can in one way or the other be an effective tool in reducing crime, there have been frequent complains that prosecutors pass judgment basing on race. Race has been a â€Å"mutant pest† in the U.S., whose eradication remains an uphill task. The U.S. signed three treaties to ensure justice is not administered on racial bias. The U.N. Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment was adopted by the U.N. General Assembly in 1984, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) that deters anyone from unconstitutional application of death penalty, and the International Con vention on the Elimination of All Forms of racial Discrimination, which requires administration of justice in accordance to human rights and not on the basis of race. However, in 1992, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights noticed that the U.S. had breached the treaties when it executed William Andrews in Utah, which indicates that there is racial discrimination in administration of justice. Most empirical research findings indicate that 90% of decisions made in the U.S. judicial system have geared influence by racial disparities (Dieter, 2012 p.27). The U.S. government should consider acting quickly on matters pertaining racial

Presidential Commission in 1991 and the Uniform Determination of Death Research Paper

Presidential Commission in 1991 and the Uniform Determination of Death Act - Research Paper Example The Presidential Commission and the UDDA came up with two concepts related to the definition of death. On one hand, the first whole-brain concept asserts that death occurs when the lungs, heart and the brain undergo an irremediable functional breakdown (Ascension Health, 2012). These organs are closely correlated to each other. Therefore, if one of the organs stops functioning, the others cannot function. On the other hand, the second whole-brain definition of death points out that the functioning of the entire brain is the hallmark of existence. This is because the brain is the regulator of bodily activities. Therefore, when the brain does not function an individual is considered dead (Cohen, Rubenstein, & Jackson, 2006). The President’s Commission highlighted that the brain-death criterion was not a new way of defining death (Cohen, Rubenstein, & Jackson, 2006). This commission involved a group of medical consultants who came up with the brain-death concept. Furthermore, the criterion of brain death can be confused with various conditions including metabolic intoxication, hypothermia and drug intoxication. Therefore, the medical unit is usually advised to be extremely cautious when dealing with the young children and individuals in shock. Contrarily, the Presidential Commission did not include the Uniform Determination of Death Act in the diagnosis of brain death. Recent studies prove that most states around the world have already adopted the brain death concept and criterion. However, the determination of brain death varies in most countries, based on certain cultural and religious views. In the past, human beings usually died from apnea after severe head injuries. However, emergency health care can allow them to be placed on lifesaving machines in order to reverse the action (Ascension Health, 2012). In this context, the criteria used for brain death includes the absence of motor responses, corneal reflexes,

The Presidency Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Presidency - Research Paper Example The American presidency is the most powerful office positions in the universe, considering the fact that the United States of America is the powerhouse of the world. As such, the presidency is among the widely recognized worldwide icons (Watts, 2009). Majority of individuals living outside the US or those who have little knowledge on the history of the presidency would assume that the politics of the presidency as similar to any other in the world (or to the local and congressional elections), but those familiar with its history know the significance of the office. A keen and closer look at the history of the executive branch of the US government will highlight the powers and worldwide impact the office may have on the entire world. Among the main roles of the presidency as described by Article II of the American Constitution, include the chief administrator, chief lawmaker, commander-in-chief, chief of state, and the chief diplomat, just to mention a few. In contrast to local or con gressional elections where several individuals of the same ideology are elected in order for the government to address issues of concern, the presidency, a single individual although under the check of various government divisions, has the power to literary change the entire world. As history has it, US presidents have had the power to implement policies that may bring significant changes in the world, or establish new world orders, as is the case with President Washington. Nonetheless, different presidents in the past have had different policy doctrines that helped them govern the country in their presidential terms (Brinkley & Dyer, 2004). The vast powers held in the presidency office often make the role a contradictory institution and complex one, and very vital to the US government system. Restrictions by political laws on one president act as a liberation for another. A successful policy doctrine for one president may be a complete failure by another, majorly because of the pre vailing political and international relations. The US presidency definition may be a series of contradictions, paradoxes, and clashing expectations. Citizens vote a president based on principles and values that are generally acceptable to the society. A citizen’s vote is dependent on the individual’s beliefs, hopes, and wishes. The presidential elections of 2012 will either give Americans a chance to reinstate President Barrack Obama as their president for another four-year term, or choose another candidate based on their guiding principles and presidential campaign platforms (Peters). The issue of terrorism has been a major topic in the past presidential elections campaigns, with the gradual shift from the democratic diplomacy presidency to the imperial presidency as was imposed by George Bush during his term in office (Brinkley & Dyer, 2004). The 57th Presidential elections to be held on 6th November 2012, is expected to feature the incumbent President Obama on a Dem ocrats ticket, a Republican candidate (yet to be decided), and a third party nominee. The presidential campaigns are often marred with accusations and counter accusation, some of which have seen a Republican Presidential candidate, Herman Cain, suspend his campaign on accusations of a 13-years affair and sexual harassment. The Democrats are pushing tax cut extensions as part of their strategy, as well as maintaining their famous

Discussion bord 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion bord 3 - Assignment Example The process of determining the sample size that will produce valid and acceptable results with respect to the entire population involves a number of statistical calculations and inferences, popularly referred to as sample size calculator. The survey system developed a sample size calculator that plays a critical role in determining the effectiveness of the sample size to be used to generate a reliable information and characteristics about the population. In terming the sample size, the level of confidence and confidence interval are very important variables that must be considered (Snedecor, 2009). For instance, at 95% level of confidence with a confidence interval of 5, from a population of 100, a sample size of 80 would be appropriate in generating the desired characteristics about the entire population. Confidence interval is the measure of the marginal error that is acceptable. On the other hand, confidence level is the measure of accuracy and reliability of the results. At 95% confidence level, the certainty is the outcome is acceptable at 95% (Dattalo,

Network Security Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Network Security Paper - Essay Example This essay focuses on the increased concern over the effects of the heartbleed bug on the internet security (Codenomicon, 2014). This loophole allows stealing of secured information and data under normal settings, by the SSL/TLS encryption used to protect the Internet. The SSL/TLS covers privacy and communication security for applications found in the Internet such as the web, instant messaging (IM), email and virtual private networks (VPNs). The Heartbleed bug permits any user accessing the Internet to read the systems’ memory secured by the weaker versions of the OpenSSL applications. This jeopardizes the secret keys used to pinpoint the service providers and to encode the movement, the names and passwords of the users and the authentic content. This permits hackers to spy on data, steal information straight from the services and users and to impersonate services and users (Codenomicon, 2014). The Heartbleed bug is listed in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures system as CVE-2014-0160. CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) is the Standard for Information Security Vulnerability Names preserved by MITRE. The technical name, CVE-2014-0160 is named from the line of code that the bug is contained. However, a secure version of OpenSSL was released on April 7, 2014, after the Heartbleed bug was publicly revealed. At the time close to 17% an estimated half a million of the Internets protected web servers licensed by trust authorities were alleged to be exposed to the bug. Hence, permitting the stealing of the servers digital keys used to encrypt data and gain access over users session cookies and passwords (BBC News, 2014). The loophole allows a hacker to gain access of up to 64 kilobytes of server memory. However, the hackers execute the attack repeatedly to access a substantial amount of information. Therefore, a hacker can gain access to users’ cookies from web browsers and servers that keep

The importance of the British Council in Britain's cultural diplomacy Essay

The importance of the British Council in Britain's cultural diplomacy - Essay Example Cultural diplomacy is imperative for states in order to achieve opportunities and broader prospects of business, education etc. from different parts of the world. It will not be incorrect to state that cultural diplomacy is as important for a country as its foreign policy. It is due to the fact that both maintain peaceful international relationship of a respective country with other countries in terms of politics, economics, education etc. British Council is one of the renowned cultural diplomacy tools of United Kingdom that has had a prestigious history of marinating peaceful relationship of UK with other countries. This paper aims to discuss the role of British Council in conducting cultural diplomacy for UK. The analysis would be done by closely looking at the historical highlights and achievements of British Council. Furthermore, its significance would also be studied in the paper within the context of its foreign policy. British Council is referred to the international cultural body of United Kingdom that was initiated in order to represent UK’s culture in different parts of the world. British Council is basically an independent council which is public in its scope. It should be noted that British Council is closely working with government. The role of government in administrating British Council is in terms of selecting countries where cultural diplomatic activities can be undertaken (Taylor, Cultural Diplomacy and the British Council:). The goals and missions of British Council have common agenda of conducting cultural diplomacy for UK in international world order to develop a positive image of UK (Ager). British Council is also considered as an intermediary of foreign policy department of United Kingdom as its concept was discussed and passed at the foreign diplomatic organization of UK. British Council was initiated at the time when many other cultural organizations from France and counterparts of Europe were actually becoming victorious in conducting cultural diplomacy across the globe. It can be said that British Council was initiated as an inspired project from the existing cultural organizations of French and Germans in late 1920s (Hecht and Donfried). In actual terms, British Council was initiated in 1934 in order to introduce different countries with Britain’s standard of education and its culture. The core goals of representing education and cultural standing of Britain were achieved by organizing expedition tasks, concerts, art exhibitions, tutorials and lectures etc (Hecht and Donfried). The primary focus of British Council in the initial stages was to give coverage to the Middle Eastern countries and underdeveloped countries of Europe where much assistance for education was needed during 1950s (Thomas). The working process of British Council was majorly indirect in its initial stages until it started to operate in its own offices. Earlier, a number of consulates were being worked through by British Council which relatively slowed down its working mechanism. Obviously, it was a very crucial stage for British Council to begin operating from its own offices in different locations of the world (Levermore and Budd). It was for this reason that the organization collected information regarding different communities of the world at the first place to give preference to location. After getting an augment idea through research regarding different communities, British Council resumed its operation through offices opened abroad. In this series, the first office of British Council was opened at Egypt. It should be noted that the working criteria of British Council got complicated as international politics was heading towards World War II (Levermore and Budd). A great deal of barriers was noted in the working process of British Council as World War II led in the closure of most of its offices in Middle East and Mediterranean countries. It should be not