Classification and Marine Biodiversity Essay Example for Free

Characterization and Marine Biodiversity Essay Significant Background Information that you have to know and comprehend: (Understand the Key Concepts) Key words: binominal arrangement of naming; study of characterization is scientific categorization; species; levels of order (know them); dichotomous distinguishing proof key; 5 realms; etc†¦ Arrangement Our seas have an incredible assortment of living things. A large number of new species are found every year. We have to recognize, name, and know the science of all the marine species. To comprehend this tremendous exhibit of species, a straightforward characterization framework is utilized to create some request out of turmoil. Model: this class has people of a wide range of shapes, sizes, shading, eye shading, finger shape size, etc†¦.what measures would you use to isolate every one of us out? HISTORY Verifiably, we bunch things as indicated by their similarity or use. There were gathering, for example, consumable, toxic, or restorative. In your own lingo, you have nearby names for the eatable things on the reef however there is no name for wipes, ascidians, and nudibranchs which you have no utilization for. There are just broad names for corals, sharks, and so forth. In Fiji, we have no names for the deepsea snappers since we never got and eat them however in Hawaii and Kiribati, you have various names for various deepsea snappers since you have gotten them for ages. Fiji have huge lagoonal territories and never expected to angle seaward.. 25 years back, Fijian understudies knew the neighborhood names of fish. Today, numerous understudies have lost that information since they once in a while return to the town. Aristotle is the principal researcher to arrange every single living thing. John Ray created keys to distinguish creatures. Linnaeus (1707-1778), a Swede imagined a straightforward naming framework which we despite everything use today (binominal terminology) comprised of 2 Latinized words (family species). for example Homo sapiens (in italics or underlined with the primary letter in the class is in capital). The variety or species might be unmistakable or named after an individual or spot. Utilizing logical names shows logical precision when contrasted with regular names which can be extremely broad. Model: Siganus uspi Woodland and Gawel, 1974. Sort, species, describers, year they portrayed it in. Techniques Individuals from a gathering share numerous characters. We use characters which don't change for example structure and strategy for multiplication. Characters can be countable (number of blades) or communicated as a % of all out length (head length and so forth); Characters can be missing or present. Shading can be utilized as an auxiliary character as it can change with the earth (and blur after protection). Fossil records are utilized to get some answers concerning the development of gatherings of living beings. DNA is currently used to isolate species as well. Scientific classification The study of characterization is scientific categorization. An individual who characterizes things is a taxonomist. 5 realms: animalia; plantae; growths; protista; monera. Protista have unmistakable core, monera has unclear core. See realm of living things on page 207. You may wish to break your grouping into vertebrates and spineless creatures. The classifications are (characterizing you) Realm: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Sub Phylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Request: Primates Family: Hominidae Variety: Homo Species: sapiens What is an animal types: An animal categories is a gathering of life forms (essentially similar) and can interbreed under common conditions to deliver rich off spring. Think about a donkey (horse x jackass); a liger (lion x tiger). Barren off springs. Butterfly fishes can hybridize. Marine Biodiversity Biodiversity alludes to the number and assortment of earth’s living things (recall the 5 realms). KNOW THE Importance of biodiversity 1. On the off chance that you care about the earth, you should feel unequivocally that other living things reserve a privilege to get by close by one another. Different living beings don't have to profit people legitimately to reserve an option to exist. 2. By securing the earth’s biodiversity, we are guaranteeing my own endurance. As we find out about the astounding unpredictability of earth’s biodiversity, we will find an ever increasing number of direct advantages. 3 kinds of decent varieties 1. hereditary biodiversity (allude to hereditary assortment and changeability inside every species †qualities fluctuate between people inside an animal types). Utilize your class for instance and see the distinctions †in shading as well as body shape and sizes, eye shading, hair shading, skin shading, states of hands and so on. Marine species additionally show changeability fit as a fiddle and shading. 2. species biodiversity (allude to the quantity of various species living on earth) 1.8 million species has been found and portrayed by researchers. We think there might be somewhere in the range of 5 and 100 million species. Vanishing species-genuine loss of biodiversity due to overfishing for food/use just as expanded supplement levels brought about by from contamination from the land. Old clocks berate you about the measure of marine life Suva 30 years prior on the off chance that we don’t begin saving biodiversity, we may just observe them in marine stops or safegu arded as an example in galleries. Endemic species-just found in a specific nation for example Siganus uspi (USP rabbitfish) just found in Fiji. 3. environment biodiversity-allude to assortment in the mix of species that structure biological systems, for example, lakes, coral reefs, woods, or field. It is the assortment of biological system types that is environment decent variety. A biological system can be as extensive as the Great Barrier Reef or as little as the rear of a bug crab (that permits wipes, green growth and worms to develop on the shell). Biodiversity in the biological systems isn't only the quantity of various species; it is the variety inside them and the various jobs they have in framing the environments. Biological systems are unpredictable in light of the fact that they are framed by an assortment of communications between species. One cooperation is food web; give a connection base to other people; change current and light examples; give cover, protect or seek space. Biological systems are useful units of the marine world. Little worms are similarly as significant as huge whales in light of the fact that each have an essential task to carry out in the environment. People meddle and the normally adjusted environment gets lopsided (in the event that we take all the herbivorous fish, the green growth would develop vivaciously and push out the corals on the coral reef). Environments are dynamic†¦changed by physical and natural procedures (tides, storms, progression, people). A biological system applies associations over enormous and over little scope. Fish from the tidal pond biological system rely upon the mangrove environment (as adolescent nursery ground) and on coral reef environment (as a taking care of ground). Biological systems can be characterized at various scales utilizing boundaries, for example, topography, beach front landforms, water temperature’ saltiness, flows, upwellings, wave introduction, profundity, and examples of significant living things (for example seagrass). Legitimate working of the marine condition is reliant on its biological respectability (all parts are available, operational and environmental suitable). Marine biological systems are consistently changing to meet the evolving conditions. Biogeography Biogeography is the name given to the investigation of the appropriation of life on earth. We may take a gander at the windward side and leeward side of the Fiji gathering. The marine condition on the windward side is influenced by the tradewinds which bring solid flows which thusly wash away the silt. It is progressively blustery as well. The leeward side has less wind and less wave activity so residue remain around. Supplements from the land don't get scatter rapidly. We can likewise take a gander at the northern regions of Fiji and Rotuma (more blazing) and the southern regions including Kadavu and Minerva Reef (cooler). Since the conditions are extraordinary, the living beings living there may vary as well. Biodiversity and Marine Life Microscopic fish The course reading doesn't cover this point. Microscopic fish (all creatures and plants that live in the water yet float about helpless before wind and flows). (Nekton can go against the flow for example fish). Those life forms that burn through for their entire lives in the microscopic fish are called holoplankton. Those that spend just piece of their lives in the microscopic fish are called meroplankton. Microscopic fish are typically little yet they can be up to 1.5m across for example huge jellyfish. Phytoplankton are plant microscopic fish and zooplankton are creature tiny fish. Microscopic fish is gathered by tiny fish nets (either by a level tow or a vertical tow). Tiny fish are significant on the grounds that many are the larval phases of marine creatures we see. Microscopic fish gives food to a large number of the channel feeders in the marine condition (from whales to spineless creatures to other tiny fish). Phytoplankton additionally creates oxygen to discharge into the environment. Microscopic fish bolster significant fisheries. They reuse supplements in the microbial circle. Instances of Phytoplankton: diatoms and dinoflagellates (causes fish harming). Instances of Zooplankton: copepods, jellyfish. Sunfish, bolt worms. To keep above water (remain in the epipelagic zone) microscopic fish swim feebly, have body liquids which are less thick than seawater, effectively radiate substantial particles, have gas filled sacs, use oils and fats (diatoms and fish eggs have oil), have parachute like structures (slow their sinking rate) or developing sharp members (additionally makes them harder to eat), or have watery tissue (jam like). Moffatt, B; Ryan, T; and Zann, L 2003. Sea life Science for Australian Students. pp608. Wet Papers Publications.

Old Man and the Sea Essay Example

Elderly person and the Sea Paper Matthew Goodrich Mr Call 16,9, 2012 Old Man and The Sea Essay The Old Man and The Sea was one of the last incredible works of Ernest Hemingway and was composed as an approach to deal with his mature age. A saint is characterized as a man who is of recognized mental fortitude or appreciated for his capacity and courageous deeds. The Old Man mirrors Hemingway’s perfect man, who is coming into his mature age. Ernest Hemingway was conceived on July 21st 1899 and was an American creator and columnist. His composing style was seriously under appraised. His courageous life significantly affected later ages. Hemingway delivered a large portion of his works during the 1920s and 50s. He composed seven books, six short stories, and two true to life works. A few books of his were distributed in the afterlife. A large number of his works are viewed as American Classics in writing. The Old Man is a sort, certain and decided man. In spite of the fact that Santiago is old, he champions himself through angling by instilling his demonstrations with a loving affection and a craving to stay emotionless regardless of his hard ships. While the Old Man lives in relative disengagement, he gives his life importance through angling. He makes this significance by pervading his work with a fiercely serious core interest. We will compose a custom exposition test on Old Man and the Sea explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Old Man and the Sea explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Old Man and the Sea explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Santiago’s assurance and tirelessness that he imbues inside the different assignments that he has before him assists Santiago with achieving his objectives. Without his center he could never have beaten the mako and scoop nosed sharks. This is clear while during the night, Santiago anticipates the following flood of sharks and starts to ponder, â€Å"what would i be able to consider now? Nothing. I should consider nothing and sit tight for the following ones†[111]. Santiago’s center encourages the advancement of his achievements; yet additionally characterizes himself as a character and a code saint. Santiago is a practiced angler with an extraordinary limit with regards to assurance and enthusiastic center, which attests his convictions and breaths importance into the disorderly world that he has been tossed into. The Old man has no closest relative and his lone genuine companion is the kid, Manolin. This absence of outside connections takes into account Santiago to turn out to be increasingly engaged and decided. Which is the complete part of Santiago as an individual and as an angler. This is most evident when The Old Man states, â€Å"You were destined to be an angler as the fish were destined to be fish†[105]. While the elderly person is an engaged and decided individual he finds the harmony among life and demise in the entirety of nature. He regards nature and treats each part of it with a caring sympathy. Santiago regards the battles of others, particularly the battle among man and monster. The regard that Santiago gives others is likewise loaded up with a consuming sympathy. While doing combating the marlin, The Old Man routinely alludes to the fish as â€Å"brother† this shows a genuine feeling of sympathy towards his sibling, the marlin. An Important factor in Santiago’s battle is that he doesn't regard the marlin as an enemy yet as a friend whom he should fight so as to endure. In spite of the fact that Santiago laments that he should murder the honorable marlin so as to endure. Doing combating the marlin brings Santiago extraordinary bliss yet he regards the fish’s want to endure: â€Å"You are slaughtering me, fish, the elderly person thought. In any case, you reserve an option to. Never have I seen a more noteworthy, or progressively excellent, or a more quiet or more respectable thing than you, sibling. Please and murder me. I couldn't care less who slaughters who† [92]. The marlin is a respectable and incredible fish however Santiago discovers excellence and effortlessness in even the individuals who look to go after him. Despite the fact that the shark goes after Santiago, he despite everything regards the shark’s ground-breaking nature and speed. Santiago remarks on his magnificence and highlights like the marlin. Which is as an unmistakable difference to the marlin. Regarding the harmony among life and demise is a significant nature of Santiago’s just as a code legend. The Old Man regards nature yet additionally fills his general surroundings with his goals and convictions. Santiago stays apathetic during turbulent occasions. He ends up staying cool and regarding his body as an instrument rather a piece of his self. While engaging the marlin, The Old Man’s hand starts to squeeze. He rapidly condemns his hand for bombing him at such an essential point in his fight. Staying withdrew is a significant nature of Santiago’s just as a significant quality in Stoicism. Apathy is a way of thinking, which held the standards of legitimate idea, and took into account ruinous feelings and excruciating or base emotions to be sifted through. Alongside sifting through basic feelings apathy requires exceptional concentration and physical assurance. After Santiago’s rest during the night, he pulls his hand from the ocean to check whether it had mended and he feels a singing torment in his grasp and afterward reveals to himself that, â€Å"pain doesn't make a difference to a man†[84]. This characterizes the Old man’s whole battle, the disposal of agony even with unfavorable chances. Numerous Hemingway saints show emotionless characteristics, for example, Robert Jordan in Whom The Bell Tolls who battled in The Spanish Civil War on the republican side. The characteristics of Santiago reflect that of numerous Hemingway saints who speak to Stoicism, Determination, and the regard of nature. Santiago is old and alone however he gives his life importance through angling and regarding nature, while staying an emotionless person. The Old man certifies his convictions and who he is as an individual by concentrating on angling. He regards the normal world and compares nature to other people. Aloofness is a significant nature of Santiago’s and encourages him in his objectives as an angler. Santiago is a significant Hemingway saint and obviously speaks to all the goals and standards of Ernest Hemingway.

Waitlist

Waitlist Im currently out of the office, but back in Cambridge, it has been announced that unfortunately, for the third consecutive year, and despite all intentions to do so, we will not be using our waitlist. Our yield was even higher than we had expected. More news on the yield and makeup of the class soon (though preliminarily there are a few numbers Im very excited about). More soon (including Questions Omnibus) Waitlist At approximately 4:30pm today, we did something we havent done in 4 years: we notified 30 students by email that they have been admitted from the waitlist. Thanks to some good yield prediction this year, using the waitlist became a reality. We worked all day today as a subcommittee to determine how many students we could take at this time, and which students to admit. It was extremely difficult! I had thought we were done with tough decisions for the year, but there were at least a few more. Will we use the waitlist again this year? It is too early to know. In a week or two, well once again look at where we are, and determine whether we will use the waitlist again. Until then, I dont know. Also, we will begin notifying some students on the waitlist that we will not be able to offer them admission. We offered a spot on the waitlist to just under 400 people, and most of those people accepted a place on the waitlist. But it just isnt ethical to keep that many people on the waitlist at this point, so within the next week many students will receive a letter informing them that they will not get off the waitlist, and wishing them the best of luck at the college theyve chosen. We will keep some students on the waitlist for another few weeks until we are fully satisfied with the class. For those of you who were admitted from the waitlist today, congratulations! Feel free to use the comments to introduce yourself to the rest of your class. And for those of you who didnt receive good news today, remember Bens words from regular action. Well see how the future unfolds. Waitlist For the second consecutive year, we have been able to admit students from our waitlist. This morning, we emailed (and will follow up via snail mail) 20 students, informing them that they have been admitted from the waitlist. Financial aid will follow up shortly with aid packages. Students can then choose to accept our offer (it is an understood part of admissions that some people will shuffle around during the waitlist period; you will lose your deposit at the other school, but it is a standard practice to consider accepting a waitlist offer) or decline it. The waitlist committee worked hard over the course of several days to determine how many students we could take at this time, and which students to admit. I sat in for a day before leaving for Albuquerque and I can tell you that it was extremely difficult. In the end, we were very happy to be able to admit these students from the waitlist in an email to the office, Stu wrote, These are some great students! Will we use the waitlist again this year? It is too early to know. In a week or two, well once again look at where we are, and determine whether we will use the waitlist again. Until then, I dont know. Also, we will begin notifying some students on the waitlist that we will not be able to offer them admission. We offered a spot on the waitlist to about 500 people, and many of those people accepted a place on the waitlist. But it just isnt ethical to keep that many people on the waitlist at this point, so within the next week many students will receive a letter informing them that they will not get off the waitlist, and wishing them the best of luck at the college theyve chosen. We will keep some students on the waitlist for another few weeks until we are fully satisfied with the class. For those of you who were admitted from the waitlist today, congratulations! Feel free to use the comments to introduce yourself to the rest of your class. And for those of you who didnt receive good news today, we wish you only the best. Well see how the future unfolds.

Waitlist

Waitlist Im currently out of the office, but back in Cambridge, it has been announced that unfortunately, for the third consecutive year, and despite all intentions to do so, we will not be using our waitlist. Our yield was even higher than we had expected. More news on the yield and makeup of the class soon (though preliminarily there are a few numbers Im very excited about). More soon (including Questions Omnibus) Waitlist At approximately 4:30pm today, we did something we havent done in 4 years: we notified 30 students by email that they have been admitted from the waitlist. Thanks to some good yield prediction this year, using the waitlist became a reality. We worked all day today as a subcommittee to determine how many students we could take at this time, and which students to admit. It was extremely difficult! I had thought we were done with tough decisions for the year, but there were at least a few more. Will we use the waitlist again this year? It is too early to know. In a week or two, well once again look at where we are, and determine whether we will use the waitlist again. Until then, I dont know. Also, we will begin notifying some students on the waitlist that we will not be able to offer them admission. We offered a spot on the waitlist to just under 400 people, and most of those people accepted a place on the waitlist. But it just isnt ethical to keep that many people on the waitlist at this point, so within the next week many students will receive a letter informing them that they will not get off the waitlist, and wishing them the best of luck at the college theyve chosen. We will keep some students on the waitlist for another few weeks until we are fully satisfied with the class. For those of you who were admitted from the waitlist today, congratulations! Feel free to use the comments to introduce yourself to the rest of your class. And for those of you who didnt receive good news today, remember Bens words from regular action. Well see how the future unfolds. Waitlist For the second consecutive year, we have been able to admit students from our waitlist. This morning, we emailed (and will follow up via snail mail) 20 students, informing them that they have been admitted from the waitlist. Financial aid will follow up shortly with aid packages. Students can then choose to accept our offer (it is an understood part of admissions that some people will shuffle around during the waitlist period; you will lose your deposit at the other school, but it is a standard practice to consider accepting a waitlist offer) or decline it. The waitlist committee worked hard over the course of several days to determine how many students we could take at this time, and which students to admit. I sat in for a day before leaving for Albuquerque and I can tell you that it was extremely difficult. In the end, we were very happy to be able to admit these students from the waitlist in an email to the office, Stu wrote, These are some great students! Will we use the waitlist again this year? It is too early to know. In a week or two, well once again look at where we are, and determine whether we will use the waitlist again. Until then, I dont know. Also, we will begin notifying some students on the waitlist that we will not be able to offer them admission. We offered a spot on the waitlist to about 500 people, and many of those people accepted a place on the waitlist. But it just isnt ethical to keep that many people on the waitlist at this point, so within the next week many students will receive a letter informing them that they will not get off the waitlist, and wishing them the best of luck at the college theyve chosen. We will keep some students on the waitlist for another few weeks until we are fully satisfied with the class. For those of you who were admitted from the waitlist today, congratulations! Feel free to use the comments to introduce yourself to the rest of your class. And for those of you who didnt receive good news today, we wish you only the best. Well see how the future unfolds.

Darwin s Theory Of Evolution - 1620 Words

Darwin first presented his theory of evolution by natural selection through his book called ‘On the Origin of Species’. The book was released in 1859 and it explained the process of how organisms changed over time through the result of changes in heritable physical or behavioural traits. These changes allow an organism to adapt to the environment that it inhabits so that the organism’s chances of survival improve and produce more offspring (Than, 2015). However, biological evolution does not simply mean a change over time. It is believed that the central idea of biological evolution is that all organisms on Earth share a common ancestor (Understanding Evolution, 2015). Darwin’s theory ‘presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic (undirected) ‘descent with modification’’ (All About Science, 2015). Mutations that aid the survival of an organism are preserved and that is a process called natural s election. The beneficial mutations are passed on to the next generation and over time, the beneficial mutations accumulate and the result is variation between organisms (All About Science, 2015). The fact that there are numerous species that are living and extinct shows that there must have been a reason why one organism had the ability to survive and the other did not. Their survival depended on their adaptability to their environment (American Museum of Natural History, 2015). HYPOTHESIS Since the technology was poor, it was difficult to supportShow MoreRelatedDarwin s Theory On Evolution1018 Words   |  5 PagesDarwin’s theory on Evolution Evolution is the belief that all living forms including humans came from ancient ancestors. Evolution is what makes life possible. It allows organisms to adapt to the environment as it changes. In Biology, theory of evolution does not tell us how life began on earth, but it helps us understand how life came into existence, diversified in many forms on earth, and fossil records. Scientists have many theories on evolution. One of the theories suggests all the healthyRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution1115 Words   |  5 Pages There are many theories as to what scientist believe is the forth coming of evolution or what they deem to be the reasoning behind its development. However, Charles Darwin would change the theories of evolution and would go down in history as one of the greatest influential figures in human existence. Although some scientist disagree with Darwin’s Theory, Darwin is the only person who was able to provide sufficient evidence to prove his theory of evolution. The one question that remains, Can GodRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution1339 Words   |  6 Pagesscientists spent their lives working on a succinct theory of evolution, but none found as great of popularity and success as Charles Darwin. Using his concept of Natural Selection, Darwin managed to explain evolution in not just the organic world, but also in humans. The fact that Darwin’s theory transfers so easily to human society is no coincidence. After Darwin’s Beagle voyage, he returned to England duri ng the Industrial Revolution. As a man of wealth, Darwin acted as a first-hand witness to the societalRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution Essay918 Words   |  4 Pages When Charles Darwin wrote The Origin Of Species, there was controversy over his theory of evolution natural selection. Darwin’s theory was debated between Thomas Huxley and Samuel Wilberforce at the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1860. Wilberforce was against the idea that all living things descended from a common ancestor. He was highly critical of Darwin’s research, often arguing in his review that many points in Darwin’s theory did not have enough support to be valid. Read MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution859 Words   |  4 PagesAnother issue is that Darwin’s theory has many holes the scientists are unable to fill. These holes are obvious in Dwain’s theory of evolution. Craig Belanger works for EBSCO Publishing he stated in his Biography of Charles Darwin, which was found on the TRC database under Book Collection Nonfiction: High School Edition Belanger said that, Although there are many facets to Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection, at its core is the idea that a species ability to evolve is based on itsRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution1483 Words   |  6 PagesDarwin’s theory of evolution states that â€Å"by natural selection, organisms that possess heritable traits that enable them to better adapt to their environment, compared with other members of their species will be more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass more of their genes on to the next generation†. The grouping of organisms in the classification table is not just the result of similarities, colours, ecological functions, etc, it also covers and expresses information about our understanding ofRead MoreDarwin And Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1201 Words   |  5 PagesIt is often thought today that the theory of evolution started with Darwin and begun in the nineteenth Hundreds. Nonetheless, the thought of species changing over the years, had pic ked up for a long time in one shape to something else. It was denied by the maximum, due to the defender whom did not had any slight idea dealing with a gratifying mechanism that would analyze in innovation. The utmost significant evolutionary beliefs pervious to Darwin were of Lamarck and Geoffrey Hillarie, advanced aroundRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Biological Evolution1347 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Evolution refers to the processes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest forms to the vast diversity that characterizes it today† (Campbell, 1993). However, a lot of things can change over a period of time. The â€Å"Father of Evolution† who is known as Charles Darwin, developed the theory of biological evolution. This theory has long been debated during and after darwin s time. Biological evolution can be seen through a momentous change in organisms by changing of the genetic compositionRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1750 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Darwin is remembered for his theory of evolution. Much controversy surrounds Darwin s theory. Questions abound. Is evolution a four billion year old process, creating life forms primarily at random but each shaped by an ever-changing and complex environment, that has resulted in all of the wondrous life forms that surround us? Or are all of those beautiful elements of our nature, along with the vastness and majesty of the entire universe, a creation of an intellect of vast intelligence andRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Robert Darwin was a British man who became one of the greatest contributors to the study of evolution. He was a naturalist who was able to develop a theory of evolution based on biological changes that he witnessed occurring in varieties of samples on his travels all around the world. Charles Darwin is valuable in science history, simply because he was the first geologists who had come the closest for closi ng the gap on how and why biological changes occurred. The naturalist and geologist

Education Is The Best Interest - 1331 Words

â€Å"An investment in knowledge pays the best interest.† These are the words of Benjamin Franklin, one of the founding fathers of the United States who had many professions all of which relied on the importance of education. In today’s society, education is one of the most important aspects of daily life, especially if education extends beyond high school. While colleges can be remarkably expensive, higher education is one acquisition you can’t afford not to take. We live in a world where we depend on higher education to allow us to be content with our lives. Yet, so many people in our society are content with taking the easy way out and not pursing higher education. To better understand our education fixation about our knowledge†¦show more content†¦However, to make a significant change in your future, career, or even your happiness, your best bet is to obtain a college degree. The U.S Department of Education reported on the online National Center for Education Statistics that between 2002 and 2012, undergraduate enrollment rose 24 percent overall (Education, Fast Facts). A larger percentage of people are coming to realize the importance of furthering their education through various ways. Many people start with a two year degree at a technical school and earn their associate’s degree. Most career paths require more than only two years of schooling so most people attend a four year university to earn their bachelor’s degree and maybe go on to achieve a master’s degree, or even a professional or doctoral degree. Higher education even comes in all forms and one of the most popular is online schooling. An individual can now earn a degree without even stepping out of his or her home. According to the online U.S News and World Report Education on January 9, 2013, more than 6.7 million students took at least one online course through a university during the fall of 2011 (Sheehy). After taking some notes on what a higher education consists of, we can now study and review why we need and can benefit from higher education. Pursuing a higher education is vital in everyday life today and could help determine how successful an individual can be. The benefits of

A Personal Philosophy of Music Education Essay - 1036 Words

A Personal Philosophy of Music Education Few would argue against the idea that we educate ourselves and our society so that we have adequate means with which to understand and interact with elements of the world around us. Subjects such as mathematics, language, history, and the hard sciences are granted immediate and unquestioned legitimacy in our schools, and with good reason. We encounter each of these elements of our lives on a daily basis. We need to have an understanding of these disciplines in order to interact with them, otherwise they are meaningless to us. I submit that the same can be said for the fundamental concepts of music. Music is something that we encounter in our society every day. It surrounds us. Indeed†¦show more content†¦This connection is both quantitative and qualitative in that quality of life increasingly benefits from both the amount of education we receive and the quality of that education. To a great extent we define our quality of life based on economic status. Education has been ver y clearly shown to allow us access to employment, and to make us more informed consumers. Thus, an educated society is one that is capable of developing individuals who can both specialize, and who can make informed decisions about goods and services outside their area of specialization. This is a central need to both industries and citizens in a capitalist society. This is one reason why music is such an important thing for every member of society to learn, even if they are not music specialists such as performers or composers. As I stated earlier, virtually every member of our society encounters music every day. There are many objective elements of music that we need to be familiar with in order to successfully interact with it. These include basic understanding of concepts such as beat, pitch, and texture. Furthermore, as music is a form of expression, if one wants to understand what is being expressed, one needs to speak the language in which it is expressed. Just like there is literacy of words and numbers, there is literacy of music. This is not a position held solely by educators orShow MoreRelated My Personal Philosophy of Education Essay1081 Words   |  5 PagesMy Personal Philosophy of Education Some people make things happen, some watch while things happen, and some wonder ‘what happened?’ Which type of person are you? author unknown. There have been times in my life in which I have sat back and watched things happen. I often wondered why they happened. I now realize that it is important to be a leader. Effective teachers need to take charge and make things happen. 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Mughal Painting Essay Example For Students

Mughal Painting Essay The McHugh paintings of India revolved around themes, like battles, court scenes, receptions, legendary stories, hunting scenes, Wildlife, portraits, etc. The Victoria and Albert Museums of London house a large and impressive collection of McHugh paintings. Mogul miniature Indo. Lilacs miniature painting of court life or the natural world, produced in northern India in the ateliers (workshops) of the Mogul emperors Kafka, Changer, and Shah Johan (1 6th-17th centuries). Persian Safaris artists introduced the traditions of miniature painting from Persian art, but the atelier then developed its own unique style, combining Persian and European techniques as well as Hindu and Islamic traditions, Exquisite and meticulously detailed miniatures were painted with great realism n glowing, jewel-like colors. Many paintings were worked on by more than one artist, often both Hindu and Muslim perhaps one doing the outline, while the other colored. Islam arrived in India in the late 10th century, and subsequent waves of zealous and increasingly strong Muslim armies destroyed all Hindu and Buddhist temples between the 11th and 13th centuries. Little remains of Indians original Hindu and Buddhist art, although Persian painters employed in the Muslim courts adopted some of the characteristics of Hindu art. The first atelier was set up by the third Mogul emperor under Safaris printers. However, the emperors atelier soon became more celebrated for its miniatures. Realistic royal portraits were produced, and albums of birds, animals, and flowers were painted for Exchange, Who took over Sabas atelier when he died. Mogul miniatures remained popular during Exchangers reign, but began to decline under Shah Johan (reigned 1628-1666), as many Of the artists began to move to different courts in Ragout and Decant. Baber, the first emperor of Mussels used to identify him with the Tumid family tradition and this family was ardently devoted to the arts of the book. The paintings of early period of Mussels can be seen in a specialist organization of a palace studio or scriptorium, which was managed then by Abyssinia. This scriptorium was headed by the legendary painter Bighead of McHugh period. But unfortunately, the scriptorium broke up at the end of Hussar Bazaar s reign and Bighead was brought to Tabors by the Saving Shah Small to organize the palace studio there, Some other painters were taken to Babushka by the Zebu conqueror, Muhammad Shabbily. But the tame this scriptorium was not spoiled and it served as a model for the later built scriptorium by Human and Kafka, The McHugh emperor, Baber himself was an expert of painting and inherited the taste of his Tumid predecessors. He had to abandon his entire baggage sometimes to include a whole library of illustrated books having paintings. Baber had never a stable residence, which was needed for keeping those expensive illustrated paintings, as those were very expensive. But When became the ruler of Samaritan, he became able to stock them properly. Both Baber and Kafka were intensely attached With painting and Kafka s great-grandson Changer was popular for his naturalistic representation and also for natural history. The Persian painting in drawings and studies in albums made for the Tumid rulers of Heart and the Turncoat rulers of Shirrs and Tabors reflect their interest in naturalism. Their interest in naturalism was been motivated by Chinese drawings, paintings and textiles. This inclination towards naturalism brought a gradual revolution in the attitude of Muslim authors to painting as such. There is a common belief that Islam proscribes figural art but an attitude of conditional tolerance towards figural representation was illuminated in few South Asian Muslim paintings, In the mid-sixteenth-century, a writer officials rout librarian Dust Muhammad and the Aqua (Judge) Mad was inspired by Baber 5 style of painting. He therefore wrote a treatise on painting saying life like things should be the criteria of the paintings. Baber s interest in natural history, with which his memoirs are instilled, was even more original. One of the accounts of Mussels unfurls the tact that Baber was immensely inclined towards painting. Baber s inclination towards natural painting can be imagined from few of his lines uttered when he was approaching a sheet of water near Kabul. He said, we saw a wonderful thing something as red as the rose of the dawn kept wowing and vanishing between the sky and the water When we got quite close we learned that the cause was flocks of geese, geese innumerable which, when the mass of birds flapped their wings in flight, sometimes showed red feathers, sometimes not. According to the history, Human was not a worthy successor of rich McHugh painting. It is said so because in the early sass the Saving Shah Thomas, Whose painting studio in Tabors was the finest and the most highly specialized in the Islamic world, doubted the authenticity of commissioning so many beautifully illustrated manuscripts, at least to the extent of releasing room his service some of the finest painters of his studio. But Human s stay in Persia was good for the history of McHugh painting. During his visit he brought Mir Stayed All and bad al-Samara reputed calligrapher) to India and they established the Imperial McHugh painting studio. He continued to keep these painters even when he was still in exile and it was a considerable investment for the future painting. Mir Stayed All is said to have implemented a scene from a polo match on a gram of rice, with goal posts at each end and horsemen, two in the centre tot the field, one galloping in from a corner and a tour-the being ended a polo stick by an attendant, He had drawn some of his figure paintings in unfavorable conditions. The calligraphic skill of Bad al-Assam was displayed in the last chapter of the Koran, the Shirt al-lasts_ In that particular art work, he wrote on one side of a grain of rice, with a commentary to it on the other. Another McHugh painter of that time called Mullah Pasha was praised for his skill in drilling poppy seeds with minute holes. But, there was hardly anyone in Human s court, who was able to look for the details of such a wonderful art work. The portraits of painters in McHugh and Saving art show them wearing spectacles quite frequently and the best work of these painters were done mainly at there early young age. This is probably due to these miniature paintings done by them. It was during the reign of McHugh Emperor Human that India saw a new addition to its heritage Of miniature earl When the Emperor Human was in Safaris court of Shah Thomas l, he got introduced to Persian paintings. On his return to India, he began patronizing the Persian paintings With the help Of two proficient artists Stayed All and Abdul Assam. Their discrete style along with the integration of the local fashion of painting gave rise to distinct style of art, which became renowned as McHugh painting. During the reigns of Kafka, Changer and Shah Johan the McHugh painting refurbished and blossomed further. Temperament was a famous painter of Baber s period, whose successor at Heart and Samaritan and the Savvied painted various miniature paintings in the public rooms tot the Mussels emperors. Temperament himself is said by later historians to have ordered illustrations of his victories and feasts in various palaces built for him at Samaritan. One more painter called Shah Thomas as even reported to have decorated the Chill Stun palace at Gavin himself, with scenes including the appearance of Joseph before Photograph s wife (Kulak)_ His personal initiative might have been flatteringly exaggerated and he might not even have sketched the sort of thing he wanted but he merely specified it in detail. Kafka got decorated the walls of his private apartments at Fattener sir by the painters of his studio, but these have very little traces to hue a proper idea of them. Most Of these paintings were small in scale and not monumental. The British Museum now contains the paintings of arioso later McHugh figures, including Kafka, Changer and Prince Korma (who ruled as Shah Johan). In these paintings, the central figure is labeled as Temperament and is often said to be Human. But, there is no authenticity Of the persons in these paintings. If it was the genealogical scene of the Mussels then Baber must be the centre figure of the painting. The landscape and figures are very much in the style of court painting at Tabors in the early sass and looked so different from any McHugh painting of the later sixteenth century. When the second McHugh emperor, Human (reigned 1530-1540 and 1555-1556) as in Tabors in the Safaris court of Shah Thomas l, he was exposed to Persian miniature painting. When Human returned to India, he brought with him vivo accomplished Persian artists, Stayed All and Abdul Assam. Their works, and the assimilation of local styles during succeeding decades, gave shape to a distinct style, which became known as McHugh painting. The Titanium (literal meaning wrasses of a parrot), now in the Cleveland Museum of Art, is among the earliest examples of McHugh painting. The manuscript was made in the reign of Huntsmans son, Kafka (r, 1556-1 ASS), Another manuscript the Humanism, also dad early in Sabas reign, is said to have contained about 1400 large paintings on cotton (only a fraction have survived) and took about IS years to complete. As per the historical record, it is said that the first painting off portrait of Kafka was done by Bad al-Assam in 1551. In the Berlin album of Kafka, there is a painting of him with Hinder Mira. A later period painting of Kafka s court depicts Human in a tent. The painters recruited by Human had to change their individual style as per Kafka s taste. During Kafka s time, the Persian style Of painting disappeared gradually. Kafka is regarded as the actual patron f McHugh painting even though he was reported to be illiterate and even dyslexic. The paintings Of Sabas court included the album leaves and a bizarrely dressed, blue-eyed, wandering dervish somewhat figure. Kafka s first and greatest project was said to be the copying and illustration Of a romance already popular in India, the Ham-name, the heroic developments of the Emir Ham, a kinsman of the Prophet. Art Review: Forgotten Fence by Carolyn Rosenberger EssayIn the art Of portrait miniature Sangrias paintings work miracles. His passion for nature was unrestricted, keen observer of flowers, grass, plants, animals and birds and had fondness Of music, poetry, traveling like his ancestors, especially grandfather Baber. He had artistic and aesthetic background from his childhood had been in contact with paintings. Thats why had great involvement in that art form and patronized personally the royal atelier. Popular subject matters were court scenes, flora, fauna and birds. The choice of material reflects Sangrias own taste, The Imperial albums paintings depict Sangrias interest in Cuffs, Muslim rulers, Princess visiting ascetics. Having great affection for his pets cheetah, carrier pigeons and his consideration for the royal stud elephant was famous. He shifted Imperial Library to Lahore tromp Agar. Lahore became the enter of artistic activity. When visited Lahore found his palace decorated with many paintings. His master artists painted beautiful, refined and high quality art and McHugh miniatures reached its highest peak. His wife Nor Johan had strong personality with complete control over her husband. Due to her influence female portraits began to appear, Under Changer the fusion of style India, Persian and European gave force and individuality to McHugh painting. When Emperor Kafka was in power, the political, economic and cultural landscape had begun changing. The McHugh paintings encouraged innumerable painters ho further brought more rudiments of precision and practicality into these paintings. These renewed paintings also depicted the events from the epics of Inhabited and the Ramadan. The animal fables, Which are famous in India by the name Panchromatic, were also depicted in McHugh paintings. The portfolio of McHugh paintings is large and diverse involving the comprehensive countryside backgrounds and rudiments of individual portraiture. The artistic scenario excelled during sovereignty of Changer (1605-27). The paintings emerging during his reign illustrated scenes and events from his life. A biographical portrayal of Changer known as the Jinrikisha , which was written during his lifetime has numerous pictorial idiosyncrasies paintings. The colors used in these paintings were lighter and the brush strokes were more intricate. Human figures, flowers, animals and birds formed the various themes on which the McHugh paintings emerged during Changer reign, ABA al- Has was a painter during the McHugh period in India. Changer was the McHugh ruler during that time, ABA al-Has originally belonged to Afghanistan. It was considered the city with an artistic tradition . He was the son of Aqua Raze of Hear, Emperor Changer took the initiative to train ABA al-Has in his spacious studios and workshops. Soon he excelled his father and his employer. As an acknowledgement to his talent, Changer conferred him the title Nadir-Uzi-Shaman (Wonder of the Age). Thus ABA al-Has became the royal painter at the Durbar of Changer, He was bestowed the task of documenting events of the imperial court. This documentation resulted in striking portraits. Not many of ABA al-Has s paintings lasted, but those that distinguish him as the artist, shows that he had also worked on a varied subjects, comprising some day-to- ay scenes. Squirrels in a Plane Tree is the most famous painting created by him. Today he is unanimously associated with this painting. The painting adorns the British Library. It is regarded as masterful depiction Of animal posture and movement Such a painting as it was, could only have been deduced from direct observation. The picture portrays European squirrels, unknown in India during that time. His work indicates that Changer s zoo may have held a few of those animals. As an alternative to the fact it is also believed that on one of his travels ABA al-Has may have accompanied Changer. But the signature on the painting is perplexing, as it is signed as Nadir al-Cars (Miracle of the Age), which is the title of status Mansard. But the style of the painting decidedly does not match with Status Mansard s style. Taut there remains a possibility that both painters collaborated on this painting. The development of McHugh kingdom was drooped when Shah Johan took up the throne, The financial condition also became very severe. Therefore, as a sensible ruler he also neglected the Imperial studio of painting and concentrated more on other more important things. Most of the paintings of Shaman s time ere concentrated on the first decade of his reign. Only major manuscript done by Shah Johan was a journal, which was all about praising his reigning period. This journal covered twenty years and in it the paintings veer executed simultaneously with the texts. Despite of the financial problems, he did not cut the financial support to the painters working under his patronage. Shah Johan s painting studio tried to follow the rich culture of Changer to a considerable extent. Shah Johan s painting albums were well known for their floral margins, Which were extraordinary as well as botanically accurate but their subject matter as narrower in range. Most of the paintings were formal single portraits. For this, some Of the portraits had a misleading family likeness. For example, that identified as the ambassador of the Safaris Shah Safe, Muhammad All Beg, painted by Hashish looked similar to another portrait of a Safaris official in the British Museum who might not be the same person at all. It was evident from the paintings of State occasions like Shah Johan s accession to the throne in 1628 that his painters also readily seized any opportunity to depict figures in large groups. The naturalism of Sangrias paintings started becoming a secondary consideration during the time of Shah Johan. The individualism of the European, Muslim and Hindu elements, religious, cultural and stylistic pattern of paintings made under Kafka and Changer were missing remarkably. This reflects Shah Johan s greater commitment to Muslim orthodoxy and the rejection of the Hindu element in the McHugh state. V-or this reason, probably, Shah Johan handed over some of the painters of his studio to his much- pampered favorite son, Dare Oshkosh, who was killed in 1658. But still, the paintings of his period maintained the brilliance and gloss, the elimination of raring features, which represented in a sense a zenith of the McHugh style. During the reign of Shah Johan (1628-58), McHugh paintings continued to develop, but they gradually became cold and rigid. Themes including musical parties; lovers, sometimes in intimate positions, on terraces and gardens; and ascetics gathered around a fire, abound in the McHugh paintings of this period. Governed avgas a noted painter during the reigns of Kafka, Changer and Shah Johan. Musical events, lovers and ascetics formed the main themes Of the McHugh paintings during the reign of Shah Johan (1628-58). Shah Johan is most distinguished for his architectural feat, the Tax Mall that took 16 years for its come lotion. Style of painting, confined mainly to book illustrations and miniatures, that evolved in India during the McHugh Dynasty. McHugh paintings developed from the 16th to 18th centuries during the reign of the McHugh emperors and had a distinctive blend of Indian, Islamic and Persian styles. The close study of nature, the royal life and the aristocratic tastes, all formed the prominent hallmarks of the McHugh painting. Emperor Rearrange did not actively patronize the McHugh paintings but some f the renowned paintings were seen during his reign, Again during the rule of Muhammad Shah (1719-48), the McHugh paintings saw a short upsurge but slowly the art had begun to downfall. An endowed artist of the Delhi-based court of the McHugh emperor Muhammad Shah, India Mall kept alive the saga McHugh art by painting in illustrious Delhi style after moving to Locknutbuy I-Has, Bishop Dads, Governed and Adulate are some of the celebrated artists of the McHugh period. Rearrange (1658-1707) did not actively encourage McHugh paintings, but as this art form had gathered momentum and had a number of patrons, McHugh paintings intended to survive, but the decline had set in. Some sources however note that a few Of the best McHugh paintings were made for Rearrange, speculating that the painters may have realized that he was about to close the workshops and thus exceeded themselves in his behalf. A brief revival was noticed during the reign of Muhammad Shah Rearrange (1719-48), but by the time of Shah Lam II (1759-1806), the art of McHugh painting had lost its glory. By that time, other schools of Indian painting had developed, including, in the royal courts of the Ragout kingdoms of Restaurant, Ragout painting and in the cities ruled by he British East India Company, the Company style under Western influence, The McHugh paintings depicted events from the various aspects of the erstwhile McHugh Empire, These paintings portrayed the scenes from the battlefields, hunting sports, the wild elite and animals and also the court scenes. One of the McHugh paintings illustrate a prince and his companions smoking a Hausa , in the presence tot beautiful ladies in the lovely environs of a walled fort gardens. The hunting scene in the McHugh paintings corresponded to a classic genre that depicted royal hunts and the general portray of the royal life. McHugh Painting that emerged during the reign of McHugh Empire around 16-19th centuries was limited to the images on the books and albums filled with paintings, calligraphic prints and ornamental borders. These splendid albums full of McHugh paintings were enveloped in leather, which was gilded, embossed and painted. In the initial phases the technique often involved a team of artists, one determined the composition a second did the actual coloring and a specialist in portraiture worked on individual faces. Probably the earliest example of McHugh painting is the illustrated folktale Tutu-name (Tale of a Parrot).

Small and Medium-Sized Firms Essay Example Essay Example

Small and Medium-Sized Firms Essay Example Paper Small and Medium-Sized Firms Essay Introduction 1. Economies of scale are characterized by decreases in the average cost of production with increases in the levels of production. These are especially enjoyed by firms that are expanding their operations in terms of managerial activities, purchases, financial borrowing and marketing operations (Economies 2007). Small firms usually can play a crucial role in equitable development and economic growth, especially in the developing countries, and mainly through poverty reduction, employment creation, and broad distribution of opportunities and wealth (Elliethy, A 1992). Just the same these firms’ great potential is not usually realized because of the problems of isolation and size. In most cases, small firms do not achieve economies of scale in purchasing the inputs, and are therefore unable to avail the market advantages in terms of regular supply, high levels of production and those of homogeneous products. Isolation is a big limit for these firms since it affects factors such as training, logistics, market intelligence, as well as innovations. Small firms normally maintain a small profit margin since they cannot afford to invent new processes and products most of the time as the larger firms with their special Research Development units. Rather, small firms may only gain a competitive position in the markets through networking. Evidence from both developed in addition to developing countries shows that networking is only possible if small firms have common interests such as similar products and challenges (Landstrà ¶m, H 2005). There are two kinds of economies of scale: internal economies of scale and external economies of scale. Internal economies of scale can be enjoyed when the output of a small firm increases, perhaps due to governmental subsidies that lower the unit cost of production. Because fixed costs are shared by the number of units produced by a firm, a small firm that increases its production capacity will enjoy internal economies of scale . Furthermore, a small firm that increases its production capacity may enjoy discounts from its suppliers, referred to as bulk-buying or purchasing economies. This firm may also take loans at lower interest rates from the banks – referred to as financial economies. Additionally, a small firm that increases its production capacity may enjoy managerial economies as it hires more people and avails the advantages of division of labor. Another advantage of increasing production capacity – referred to as indivisibility – may be availed when a small firm changes its machinery and/or processes to replace the older ones and thereby accommodate the larger production capacity (Rodda, C 2004). Small and Medium-Sized Firms Essay Body Paragraphs While larger firms are understood to be more economical than smaller firms, a small firm may enjoy external economies of scale when the output of the industry is increased. As the production capacity of the industry increases, the number of trained workers also increases. In point of fact, the government may provide special training to the labor force in this situation. A trained labor force is definitely more economical than untrained workers. Moreover, a small firm may enjoy external economies of scale when the production capacity of the industry increases and there emerge other businesses to support the growing industry. Such firms may have their own competitors, and they too may enjoy economies of scale. Most importantly, the industries that these supporting businesses form tend to reduce the unit cost of production for the small firm. Lastly, small firms may enjoy external economies of scale when they cooperate with each other, for instance, to publish shared advertising materia l (Rodda, C). 2. Market fragmentation entails a division of the market in more ways than one. It commonly occurs that a given product may have the same quality and brand name but different prices in separate locations; this may arise due to the variance in the transportation costs and storage costs among other variable costs. A product may similarly have the same brand name but varied qualities of it may be produced, thereby leading to a difference in prices. All of these factors could lead to the market fragmentation. This economic principle is closely related to market differentiation. When the markets are fragmented, each supplier of a given product may enjoy limited economies of scale because the suppliers cannot collectively possess a common bargaining force. This is because each of them is independent, but usually very keen to watch the actions of the other players in the market. However, the uncertainties existing in this type of market do not increase external economies of s cale. The desire to produce a strong product typically involves making a product different from that of the fellow competitors, and this leads to fragmentation of the markets to boot. Nevertheless, strong product differentiation is a key factor towards achieving a competitive advantage. Product differentiation may include offering a product similar to that of the competitors, but of better packaging or quality. This also enables the market to be fragmented, as the products in the market are similar to each other but differentiated or diverse. Hence, consumers at different market niches are charged different prices. Creative content and image is another key factor that may lead to market differentiation. Creative content is related to innovation as it enables the seller to improve his products to allow them to attain a bigger market share (Sutcliff, M, Sloman, J 2004). 3. It is of vital importance to SME’s to evaluate the external environmental factors in the process of strat egic analysis (Dubinas, V, Stonkuviene, R 2005). Systematic competitiveness involves viewing industrial competitiveness as an interaction of both macro and micro factors. In systematic competitiveness, there are the meta and meso factors to be contemplated. These factors may have a huge impact on the daily operation of the SME. As a matter of fact, such factors also affect other businesses, and may include political forces, economic environment, and the legal environment. The internal factors are also included for consideration in the systematic competitiveness model. These may include the quality, efficiency and flexibility among other things (Sutcliff, M, Sloman, J). In short, a small or medium-sized enterprise must be aware of the competitive advantages of firms that produce goods that are similar to its own. 4. Innovation is one of the tools used against the negative impacts of market fragmentation in the small firms; this is because innovation enables them to come up with bet ter products that are equally competitive at all level in the market. Innovation entails coming up with better products or with more efficient technology that could enable small firms to produce more efficiently. Strong cost control is another tool against the negative effects of market fragmentation; this is because once the costs are carefully monitored, all the decisions made would be cost effective and production would always be efficient. Cost benefit analysis could be of paramount importance to these firms, as it allows them to easily achieve price competitiveness. Specialization similarly enables these firms to produce better products in a more efficient way. Moreover, specialization allows small firms to do away with the products that are inefficient. This enables them to continue on a certain line of production and improve as they become more experienced with time (Sutcliff, M, Sloman, J). 5. Heterogeneous oligopolies are market forms dominated by a small number of firms t hat know the likely activity of one another and usually deal with various types of products. Heterogeneous oligopolists may produce different products which are similar in function but diverse in terms of quality. Furthermore, a heterogeneous oligopoly may consist of both larger and smaller firms. Interactivity is the main characteristic of the oligopolistic markets since there are a few sellers. The decision likely to be made by one firm is influenced by the likely decisions of other firms. Heterogeneous oligopolists may also influence the prices of the products of their competitors. Strategic planning is crucial in heterogeneous oligopolies due to the high risk of collusion among the participants in the industry. 6. There were 4,423, 500 firms in the United Kingdom in the year 2005. Forty one percent of the working labor force was employed in micro firms. In the small firms, 46.8 percent of the working labor force was employed. In the small and medium-sized enterprises, 58.7 perce nt of the working labor force was employed (Small Business Analytical 2007). 7. The following is a line graph showing the share of SME’s in total employment from 1994-2005: The graph shows a tremendous increase in the employment of the small and medium-sized enterprises between 1994 and 2005. This may have been due to an increase in the number of small and medium-sized enterprises in the United Kingdom, especially between 1999 and 2000. The increase may have been due to a more conducive environment created by the UK government especially for SME’s, with the introduction of new regulations that help SME’s to lower their costs of production. Such support from the government may specifically have included the offering of expert advice, training of the labour force, financial support or subsidies, and regulation of the markets such that small and medium-sized enterprises could easily enter and leave the markets at their own will, therefore resulting in an increase in SME’s, which in turn lead to an increase in the total employment of UK. It is also possible that the small and medium-sized enterprises in the United Kingdom expanded their operations substantially between 1999 and 2000, and employed more people to accommodate the expanded scales of production because of subsidies introduced by the government especially for SME’s. Of course, governmental support could have arrived for SME’s in other forms as well, e.g. regulations that made it easy for them to enter the industry and exist. 8. Business, enterprise regulatory reform is one of the major policies aimed at offering the best support to the SME’s in the United Kingdom. This offers all the necessary support to SME’s at the local, national and regional level; more so, it ensures that the government would continuously support the SME’s with expertise. A good business environment is provided so that all entrepreneurs can utilize their opportunities. This ensures that the SME’s will grow with the full support of the regulatory authorities (Small Business 2007). 9. The SME’s in Venezuela are likely to be revived. The economic indicators of the country generally show a positive forward move. The government has introduced measures to revive the SME’s through the offering of necessary information as well as better technology to enhance their production capacities. Unfortunately, however, political and social tensions in the country are hindering the process. These crises have also lead to increased inflation in the country, in addition to rising unemployment rates and decrease in the Gross Domestic Product (Mulhern, A, Stewart, C 1999; Venezuela 2007). 10. Explanatory variables are also called independent variables or controlled variables. These variables manipulate the SME situation in Venezuela. From 1961 to 1990, the following were the explanatory variables that had an influence on small and medium-sized en terprises in the country: the manufacturing share and the error correlation, barriers to entry, modernization of enterprises, the factor mix, GDP and the exogenous proxy variables (Mulhern, A, Stewart, C). We will write a custom essay sample on Small and Medium-Sized Firms Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Small and Medium-Sized Firms Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Small and Medium-Sized Firms Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

How to Complete a 1000-Word Essay

How to Complete a 1000-Word Essay How to Complete a 1000-Word Essay For some students, the number 1000 may seem quite frightening and impressive, and the assignment of a 1000-word essay can sound impossible to complete. However, we can assure you that there is nothing difficult and you can easily master the task simply by following a few rules. If you want to know more about such an essay, you should first know how much time you will need. Unfortunately, we don’t have a clear answer, as every topic and subject differs, and you may need a different amount of time and energy depending on your mood and aspirations. You may be so inspired that it will only take you a day to write a 1000-word essay on a topic you are interested in or you may require a month just to find necessary information. The main advice here is to always make one step further. Even if you feel like you are not in the mood or don’t know where to start, just keep going. You may need a bit more time to get started or to find necessary sources to start writing your essay. If you feel like you are about to drop everything, take a break, meet friends or grab a coffee to brighten your day and get fresh ideas. Useful tips on writing a 1000-word essay Select a proper topic. Most of the times, students should select a topic on their own and it is a big plus, as you can find the most suitable subject to discuss. However, you may find it challenging if you don’t know what your interests are. In such a case, you can select a topic, which has a lot of free materials and credible sources online. This will help you to collect the material and back your thoughts on academic data. However, try to choose a topic without an emotional involvement and subjectivity; Create an outline. Every paper should have a sort of a skeleton, which will make it much easier to write a 1000-word or any other essay. There are many websites and articles, which provide samples and outlines of such essays to give you a general idea about how to build your paper. Just follow their recommendations and you will find it very easy to complete a great essay; Don’t forget about the structure. As almost any other written assignment, your 1000-word essay should consist of such parts, as introduction, body and conclusions. The first section gives general information on the topic, catching interest of the audience and engaging the reader. The body paragraph is the biggest part of the whole paper and it states all your thoughts on the subject, backed with various arguments and facts. In conclusions you need to sum everything up, concentrating on the obtained results and making predictions for the future. Of course, this structure may differ depending on your topic, so you can search ‘100-word essay samples’ online and choose the one, which is similar to yours; Write an original essay. It may sound obvious but too many students neglect this simple rule, trying to download ready papers. On one hand, it may be a simple way out but it won’t contribute to your grades and definitely won’t help the future of the topic. Who knows, maybe your generated ideas will be so brilliant that they will change the industry? Believe in yourself and try to work on the subject on your own, avoiding temptation of downloading a ready paper. Once you have followed all these rules and created a proper structure, you will find it very simple to complete a 1000-word essay. The only question will be how to limit your original and fresh ideas to 1000 words.

Coffee Production on the International Markets Term Paper

Coffee Production on the International Markets - Term Paper Example Unfortunately, FLO has faced a number of challenges in rolling out its â€Å"sustainability criteria.† This has especially been attributed to overreliance on supply chain relations in the administration and management of this endeavour (Jaffee 12). While Fairtrade has sought to offer solutions for economic sustainability at the producer level, it fails to provide a solution to macroeconomic variations which dictate price and credit behaviour. This has triggered massive campaigns within the consumer markets in favour of fair-trade labelled coffees. The global supply of coffee is approximated to have been 8 percent above the demand as per 2003 world’s depressed prices. This, in turn, led to world’s coffee prices hitting its all-time lowest in 30 years, has declined by about 50 percent in a span of three years. Governments eager to boost their export earnings contributed heavily to this scenario as they encouraged their farmers to grow more coffee. All this was done oblivious of the catastrophic impact on the world market. East African countries such as Uganda, Ethiopia, and Kenya are among the coffee producers that were heavily hit by this price slump. The low coffee prices in the global market had rippling effect as small farmers who contribute significantly to the total production started feeling exploited. Fairtrade was thus adopted to restore some sanity in within the coffee industry. The specific objective was to protect small farmers in the developing world from exploitation by the developed world. Fairtrade thus guarantees $1.26/pound (a living wage) in addition to access to credit facilities from cooperatives (Ruben, Ruerd, and Simone 23). The creation and consequent demand for Fair-trade labelled coffee has forced the likes of Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts to rise up to the occasion and address social responsibilities as demanded by the developing countries.  

Collaboration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Collaboration - Assignment Example However, this mission would never be achieved owing to the situation in the agency. Similarly, some internal factors are influencing the operations of the agency making it underperform in meeting its goals. EHSA is facing many challenges, which is emanating from the conducts of its employees. The challenges may hinder the agency from realizing the positive results which it wants to deliver to the people since employees are the agents. One of the issues affecting the organization is the lack of commitments among its staffs to serve the people. Customer care services are very poor making some clients to go back unattended. This is very dangerous for the existence of the agency. Secondly, the organizational staffs are breaching confidentiality of client information. In many cases, the workers have openly compared clients information; a practice that is unlawful and punishable. Therefore, the current stage of the agency is below in the inter-organizational process. Hence, there are much more that the agency management needs to do in order to rescue the situation. Many methods and strategies that the agency can use to improve its services and to realize success in all that it does exist and can be put to use. One of the methods is improving customer care service to the level of clients needs and expectations (Woodside & McClam, 2014). Currently, the agency frustrates clients, and most of them go back without being given the attention they demand. Hence, there is a need to restructure personnel who frustrate clients and inform them of the expectation. This may be done by offering training services in areas related to customer service and advising them on the importance of clients to the agency (Rosenthal, 2012). Secondly, the agency can develop a privacy policy aimed at cautioning its employees and giving guidelines in relation to privacy (Rosenthal, 2012). There are many laws that

A Case Study of Change Management from External Forces: Dell Computers

A Case Study of Change Management from External Forces: Dell Computers Two things characterize the business environment today; they are competition and change. Therefore, todays environment puts a premium on effective leadership. In fast- changing, team- oriented environment, managers need effective leadership skills so they can motivate knowledge workers, build self-managing teams, and lead transformation. In 1994, Dell was a struggling, the company ordered its components in advance and manufactured to inventory. Change was needed and was triggered by factors outside the company. The new business model that Dell implemented converted its operations to a build-to-order process, eliminated its inventories through a just-in-time system, and sold its products directly to consumers putting these new supply chain capabilities at the core of its strategy. Dell developed a supply chain mastery that went far beyond the simple pursuit of efficiency and asset productivity. However, the company had to make a series of very difficult strategic tradeoffs to bring its functional activities into alignment with its new business model. (Copacino, 1999). James Burns who wrote a book about called Leadership says changes like these require the guidance of transformational leaders who bring out change, innovation, and entrepreneurship. They are responsible for leading a corporate transformation that recognizes the need for revitalization, creates a new vision, and institutionalizes change. Transformational leaders inspire their followers to want to make the change and attempt to raise the needs of followers by promoting dramatic change in individuals, groups and organizations. Such leaders also encourage and obtain performance beyond expectation by formulating visions and then inspiring subordinates to pursue them. They focus on accomplishing the task at hand and maintaining good working relationship. It is common for the transformational leader to passionately communicate a future idealistic organization that can be shared. He or she uses visionary explanations to illustrate what the employee work group can accomplish in order to motiv ate the employees to achieve these organizational aims. Therefore, a transformational leader could make the company more successful by valuing its associates. One such example is Dell CEO Michael Dell who did it installing one of the worlds most sophisticated direct- sales operations; eliminating resellers markups and the need for large inventories, and keeping a viselike grip on cost. Dells mission statement is be the most successful computer company in the world at delivering the customer service experience in markets we serve. With their markets changing so fast Chairman Michael Dell had to constantly focus his companys and employees attention on the companys mission. He has been quoted saying that looking for value shifts in the companys mission companys customer base is the most important leadership responsibility. In other words, Michael Dell had to constantly monitor what Dells customers want in terms of value. He had to stay in close contact with customers, and make sure that everything Dell does, Dell is addressing the customer needs. How do you build such a company? For Dell computers, the answer meant using technology and information to blur the traditional boundaries in the value chain among suppliers, manufacturers, and the end users; it basically meant that there are no intermediaries like wholesalers or retailers to come between Dell and its customers and suppliers; thus, Dell can be much faster-moving company that it might otherwise be. For most computer companies, the manufacturing process is like a relay race; components come in from suppliers, these components are assembled into computers, and the computers are then handed off to be distributed through wholesalers and retailers to the ultimate customers. Dells system changed all that. Dell interacts with and sells to customers directly, so it eliminates the activities of the wholesalers and retailers in the traditional distribution chain. The current economical crises are having a tremendous impact on how companies do business. Even one of the worlds biggest computer companies, like Dell has experienced this recession and had to make critical and dangerous decisions of lowering down the cost of expenses and tightening their belts. Today, Dell Inc. is cutting costs to weather a soft PC sales market, and even founder and CEO Michael Dell is feeling the pinch. The company disclosed proxy information that showed his total compensation declined by more than $200,000 in the latest fiscal year, to $2.1 million. The decline came mainly in the value of option awards, which were higher the previous year. Michael Dell received $931,731 in salary, stock options the company valued at $16,766 and personal security services valued at $1.1 million. Because Dell Inc.s bonuses for senior executives are tied to company performance, Michael Dell did not receive a bonus in the latest year, just as he has not the past three years. (Ladendo rf, 2009). Meanwhile, to cut operational costs and to save funds, the company has shut down factories and outsourced hardware manufacturing. Also, the company has laid off 1,900 employees and shifted its European PC manufacturing operation from Ireland to Poland. Like many companies, Dell has also been looking down the road and plans on spending $70 billion on computer parts from China between 2007-2009. Thats a lot of cash, but this could also save the company in a recession when people do not have much money and want much cheaper computers. Dell also cut 10% in global jobs last year, and announced further job cuts at its Ireland sites earlier this year. But what I found most interesting is the acquisition of David Johnson the former top IBM Corp. in early June. Although IBM still is pursuing a lawsuit against Johnson, saying his move to Dell Inc. violated a noncompet agreement; recent court rulings have freed him to take an active role guiding Dells acquisition strategies. Johnsons hiring cou ld be a signal that Dell intends to buy other companies, a growth strategy it has used less often than many of its industry peers. CEO Michael Dell also is expected to talk about the companys growth prospects, both from existing operations and from any companies that it might buy. Analysts are split on whether Dell will try to do big, transformational deals that would change the makeup of the company, or smaller, less risky acquisitions. A.M. Toni Sacconaghi with Bernstein Research said he expects Dell to make smaller deals as it tries to bolster its corporate-oriented service and product offerings. He quoted Brian Gladden, Dells chief financial officer, as saying the company is unlikely to do big deals and that it viewed its $1.4 billion acquisition of EqualLogic last year as the sweet spot. EqualLogic, which sells data storage systems, is Dells largest acquisition to date. Sacconaghi concluded that for Dell, smaller deals make sense because no obvious transformational targets exist, the odds of successful integration of the acquired company are better with smaller deals, and large acquisitions could distract top executives from the their two-year campaign to turn the company around integration of the acquired company are better with smaller deals, and large acquisitions could distract top executives from the their two-year campaign to turn the company around. (Ladendorf, 2009). One Wall Street analysts who follows Dell Inc. say theyve been impressed by the companys ability to cut costs and generate cash flow in the face of a steep industry downturn. Forward-looking businesses are using IT to target unnecessary cost and complexity, Dell said. Dell Inc. will continue to tap into IT for innovation and efficiency, and doing so now Dell Inc. will set itself apart as the global economy inevitably improves Dell identified three keys to smart IT: Increased standardization and virtualization; Better resource management that reduces IT maintenance; Greener computing that not only reduces carbon emissions but saves on energy costs. Dell itself has reaped the benefits of such IT improvements: facility improvements and a global power-management initiative that switches off computers when not in use is saving the company about $3 million a year and reducing its carbon footprint by some 20,000 tones. (Greenbang, 2009). Today the Dell machine is firing on all cylinders. In addition to being a PC juggernaut, Dell is moving fast into the $10 billion network server business. In notebook PCs, Dell has become the sixth-largest seller in the $40 billion market. Now, Dell is working on ways to combine its PC knowhow with better networking service. Through a partnership with network equipment maker 3Com Corp., Dell is trying to slash the 60 to 90 days required to test computer and networking configurations to just two weeks. Instead of each running independent tests of the same gear, Dell will deliver to 3Com each new computer so that 3Com can test compatibility with its networking devices (Business week). Leading and organizational change can be treacherous; there are no silver bullets or single- shot method of changing organizations successfully. (Ashford University). Single shot rarely hit a challenging target. Usually, many issues need simultaneous attention and any single, small change will be absorbed by the prevailing culture and disappear the change may require the cooperation of dozens of managers and resistance may be considerable. However, whether the required change is simple or complex, technological or structural or the basic organizational change process remains basically the sameà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦executives must ask themselves three basic questions. What are the forces acting upon them? What should we change? And how should we change it? According to Hesselbein and Cohen (1999), organizations that take the time to teach leadership are far ahead of the competition. By becoming familiar with the transformational leadership approach and combining the four Is, (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration), managers should be able to handle the unforeseen change more effectively. Transformational leadership strategy must also make sense in terms of the business overall competitive strategy. Today, leaders have to be able to transform their company fast. Socio Economic Inequalities: Health Socio Economic Inequalities: Health Research on health inequalities is grounded in social epidemiology, which explains how peoples social circumstances affect their health (Graham, H 2007:5). Explanatory frameworks have been presented and theories proposed in order to explain the variations in health across social class (Asthana, S Halliday, J 2006:45). This essay will discuss and analyze the sociological theory necessary to understand social class inequalities in health within the UK. Implications for health policy and practice will also be discussed. Discussion: Socio-economic inequalities in health: demographic, mortality and morbidity information: Reports outlined since the 1980s the extent of which ill-health and death are unequally distributed among UK: The Black Report (1980), Health Divide (1988), The Acheson Report (1998), The Solid Facts, WHO (2003), The Marmot review (2010). These documents identified a social gradient in health: socio-economic status (SES) influences health, whereby higher position equates to better health (Caspi, A Poulton, R 2003). From here, sociology found a correlation between mortality against social position. Britton et al (1990), Rosato, M et al (1998), Reid, A Harding, S (2000a)(2000b) Asthana, S. et al (2004) Marmot Wilkinson, (2005) Barry Yuill, (2008) Health Survey for England (HSE) provide information on mortality and morbidity by social class: people in class I have longest life expectancy while people in Class IV have the shortest life span; mortality is greater in Wales, Scotland, N. Ireland and N. England than in S. England; same patterns appear for IHD, stroke and cancer mortality in between social classes, but is less evident for accidents and suicide; risk of developing chronic illness in adult life is high for people with low SES; childhood mortality is more prevalent in socially disadvantaged groups; Sociological theory: The cultural / behavioral explanation: In this argument primary responsibility for the differential between social position and health is placed within the individual, rather than the larger society {a culture of poverty approach}(Matcha, D.A 2003:90). Explanations focus on the way individuals from different social groups lead their lives (Clarke, A 2003:122). Smoking, alcohol, diet and exercise are chosen for detailed enquiry, as they are thought to be voluntary choices (Blaxter, M 1990:113). Social epidemiologists identified a hard and a soft version of cultural/behavioral explanation. Both versions start by observing that health-damaging behaviors are more prevalent among the poor than the socially disadvantaged (Asthana, S Halliday, J 2006). The hard version implies that behaviors are voluntary, the result of individual decisions (Blaxter, M 1990) thus, the fact that people adopt unhealthy behaviors is due to ignorance, recklessness or fatalism (Asthana, S Halliday, J 2006:26). The soft version suggests that rather that seeing health-related behaviors as a cause of health inequalities, they should be seen as outcome or consequences of differences in the material circumstances between socio-economic groups {behavior as a result of culture} (Asthana, S Halliday, J 2006:27). For example, in Britain smoking displays a clear class-gradient: the less advantage social class, the more likely is the individual will smoke (Bartley, M. 2004:65). Townsend, in 1995 shows that 70% of single parents on low income, social housing, manual occupations, with few educational qualifications, are regular smokers. Also, in 1998, The Office for National Statistics showed that levels of smoking for men were 12% for class I and 41% in class V. However, in sociological research focus exists on behavior rather than culture (Woodward et al, 1992; Lynch, Kaplan and Salonon, 1997b) because reckless behavior is not accepted as a definition of culture (Bartley, M. 2004:68). Bosma, Von Mheen and Mackenbach, (1999a) (cited in Bartley, M 2004:66) suggest a direct behavioral model in which people with low status and income are less endowed with intelligence and coping skills which make them unable to grasp the long-term health consequences of things that give them short-term pleasure (e.g. smoking, drinking, etc). Regarding education and behavior Blaxter, 1990; Gran, (1995), Hoeymans et al., 1996 (cited in Bartley, M. 2004) find that education is correlated with health behavior: educated people have a better understanding of health. They also make better use of preventive health measures such as contraception, screening services or immunization. For example, a survey published in 2007 by Health Survey for England (HSE) Healthy lifestyles: knowledge, attitudes and behavior 30% men and 24% women agreed with the statement I get confused over whats supposed to be healthy and what isnt(p. 108). Marmot et al (1981 ) that individuals from class V have high incidence of CHD due to diet being higher in sugar content than in fiber. National Food Survey (1985) shows that low-income groups purchase less vegetables, fruits or whole meal bred. Behavioral explanations view consumption patterns as a reflection of cultural differences in the way people live their lives. Lifestyles are thought to be shaped by traditional views and socially accepted patterns of behavior. The fact that low income may constrain food choice is ignored or rejected (Clarke, A 2001: 123) Critique and weaknesses of the cultural/ behavioral explanation The problem with this explanation is that it separates behavior from the social context in which it takes place and effectively blames the victim of health inequality for the poor health that they experience (Asthana, S Halliday, J 2006:26). Instead, individual decisionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmaking should be seen in the context of the social structure and of the constraints that impede the behaviors of people. In support to this, Dobson et al 1994(cited in Barry Yuill 2006) researched forty-eight households to observe food purchasing and attitudes toward eating. They found a pattern of life under constant economic restrictions. Also, in 1991, the national Childrens Homes survey on nutrition and poverty finds that 1 child in 10 and 1 adult in 5 skip meals because of costs. Thus, it is not people failing to practice good health habits but their choice is affected by limited funds (Barry Yuill 2006:108). Also, in an HSE survey (2007) 22% men and 20% women agree, it costs too much[to eat healthy] (p. 108). In 2010, The Marmot Review emphasized that insufficient funds to lead a healthy life is a significant cause of health inequalities (p. 29) Although health-damaging behaviors are more common among low groups, these groups also lack: adequate income, decent housing and secure employment. Therefore it is hard to separate behavioral explanation (Gatrell, C.A 2003: 113) from structural/material explanation (poor housing Ġº unhealthy life) and social selection explanation (poor health for low classĠº unhealthy life) Health policy response to inequalities in health linked to social class: Advocating healthy public policies is the most important strategy we can use to act on the determinants of health. (CPHA Action Statement on Health Promotion 1996) Up to date health policies include: The New NHS (1997); A First Class Service (1998); Choosing Health (2004); The Wanless Report (2004) Tackling Health Inequalities (2008); Darzi Report (2008); The Marmot Review (2010) The Marmot review: Policy objectives A-F:  · Give every child the best start in life  · Enable all children, young people and adults to maximize their capabilities and have control over their lives  · Create fair employment and good work for all  · Ensure a healthy standard living for all  · Create and develop healthy and sustainable places and communities  · Strengthen the role and impact of ill-health prevention. (UCL Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, 2010) Implications for health care practice: Important documents: Choosing health: making healthy choices easier (2004) and Health Challenge England (2006) people need convenience and choice in advice available to prevent ill health. Health care practice can contribute to reducing health inequalities through:  · Assessment / use of evidence: accurate assessment of peoples health promotion needs; linking evidence of practice outcomes to broader changes  · Strategy: population specific health care strategies; getting the promotion/prevention/treatment balance right  · Communication Collaboration: 1.collaboration with people: involving and engaging most excluded; 2.collaboration with MDT: assessing / implementing / evaluating / updating  · Training: improving training and professional development, particularly in relation to work with most disadvantaged  · Service development: being well informed about health inequality trends, impacts and intervention effectiveness  · Service access: reducing financial barriers to health care  · Resource allocation: making conscious, informed choices about priorities. (Wiseman, J 2007) (Choosing Health 2004) The time for action on health and health inequalities Health in the consumer society Children and young people starting on the right path Local communities leading for health Health as a way of life A health-promoting NHS Making it happen national and local delivery Consultation making it happen Assessment suitable assessment of local needs (collaborative therefore patient and public involvement / use of evidence) Strategy Communication appropriateness (methods and means) Service Needs (recruitment, training) Resources (access, materials, skills mix {MDT?, suitable tools and interventions) References: Asthana, S., Gibson, A., Moon, G., Brigham, P. and Dicker, J. (2004) The demographic and social class basis of inequality in self reported morbidity: an exploration using the Health Survey for England. Epidemiology and Community Health, 58, (4), 303-307 Blaxter, M. (1990) Health and Lifestyles, London: Tavistock Payne J, Coy J, Milner P, et al. Are deprivation indicators a proxy for morbidity? A comparison of the prevalence of arthritis, depression, dyspepsia, obesity and respiritory symptoms with unemployment rates and Jarman scores. J Public Health Med 1993;16:113-14. Dahlgren G Whitehead M (1991). Policies and Strategies to Promote Equity in Health. Stockholm: Institute for Future Studies.Davey Smith G, Hart C, Watt G, et al. Individual social class, area-based deprivation, cardiovascular disease risk factors and mortality: the Renfrew and Paisley study. J Epidemiol Community Health 1998;52:399-405. Drever F Whitehead M (1997). Health Inequalities. London: The Stationary Office. Graham, H (2007) Unequal lives: Health and Socioeconomic Inequalities, Open University Press, McGraw-Hill Education: England Graham H (2004a). Social determinants and their unequal distribution: clarifying policy understandings. Milbank Quarterly, 82, 101-24. Graham H (2004b). Closing the Gap: Strategies for Action to Tackle Health Inequalities. Presentation at the 1st Business Meeting of the EU Project Closing the Gap on 27/28 October 2004, Cologne. Lynch, J.W., G.A and Salonen, J.T (1997b) why do poor people behave poorly? Variations in adult health behaviors and psychosocial characteristics by stages of the socio-economic life course; Soc Sci Med 44, 809-19. Marmot M Wilkinson RG (2005). Social Determinants of Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2nd edition). Williams, A. Cooke, H. May, C (1998) Sociology, Nursing and Health, Elsevier Health Sciences: London Woodward, M., Shewry, M.C., Smith, W.C.S and Tunstall-Pedoe, H. (1992), Social status and coronary heart disease, Preventive medicine 21, 136-48. Mackenbach JP Bakker M (2002). Reducing Health Inequalities: a European Perspective. London: Routledge. Williams, A. Cooke, H. May, C (1998) Sociology, Nursing and Health, Elsevier Health Sciences: London Caspi, A Poulton, R Personality and the socioeconomic-health gradient, Oxford Journalls online, International Journall Of Epidemiology, vol. 32, number 6, pp. 975-977, accessed online on February 27th 2009, http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/32/6/975 The Marmot Review( 2010) UCL Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, accessed online February 29th 2010 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/gheg/marmotreview/FairSocietyHealthyLives Social Inequalities in Health. New Evidence and Policy Implications. J Siegrist and M Marmot (eds). Oxford University Press, 2006 Rickards L, Fox K and Roberts C (2004) Living in Britain: Results from the 2002 General Household Survey. London: The Stationery Office; Bambra C, Joyce K and Maryon-Davis A (2009) Task Group on priority public health conditions, final report. Submission to the Marmot Review http://www.ucl.ac.uk/gheg/marmotreview/consultation/Priority_public_health_conditions_summary Wiseman, J. Health Inequalities: Key Trends and Implications for Health Care, Presentation to Primary and Community Health, March 2n 2007