Sports And School (My Experience) Essay Example for Free

Sports And School (My Experience) EssaySchool starts at a young age for most kids. They go to detect Arithmetic, English, History, and get a general education for life. They too learn to deal with others outside of their family and close fri give ups. Such was the case for myself.I lived on a farm where my neighbor was my best friend till he moved away. I then had whizz year till school would start for me, which I would neglect with my family, and genius or two friends who I would see occasionally. When school finally started for me I had no friends I already knew. It however took me a few geezerhood of watching the older kids playing soccer to learn the game and I eventually started playing with them. They learned my name and I learned theirs, soon I was friends with most of the kids in the school (somewhere around 45 kids, K-6). The next year I was sent to a new school in Monticello. Again I made friends quickly and we would spend recesses playing tag and running arou nd.As I entered the fourth grade professional sports entered my life. I had been wrestling long in the lead I entered school and played baseball when I was old overflowing to enter tee-ball, but professional sports never occurred to me until football. From fourth grade to sixth I came to school in the fall and spring to play football. As I grew up and graduated elementary school I faced new options. I could now participate in regulated Jr. High teams. I chose football, wrestling and baseball. I had played all of these before, but this was high school sports where you had stands bounteous of people to watch you. You now had pads to play football and your games were official. Life in wrestling would become more competitive and baseball would be as dense as ever and so far my experience has only been beneficial.I am now a senior in high school and my football career is over, but I along with others was able to bring home a state championship trophy. I?m doing great in my final sta ge wrestling season and provide soon begin my final sport in high school. I lived for football and I am living wrestling. both time I hear someone say sports should be discontinued from public school I feel as if they are trying to lame students like my self who live for sports in high school. I came to school to get an education, after school I invoke my education to guide for me in sports.Otherwise I would go home sit in frontof a T.V. or help my dad when needed. I could stay in townsfolk every now and then to hang out with friends, but I would mostly be confined to the barren area around my house. Now speckle playing sports I work hard to get through the school day (It seems to make time go faster) and then work hard at sports. I got in a habit of working hard while I?m awake so now everything I do I try to do right and I work hard at doing it.People say that students focus more on sports than they do their school work and classes. May be true in a few cases, but was never true in my case. I worked hard in school so I could be the best at both school and sports. I strove for success in tagging girls in elementary school so I also strove for success in my schoolwork. In high school you had to keep your grades up to play. I along with the majority of my fellow teammates went beyond meeting the requirements for not getting an F in any class, but in getting A?s in all of our classes. A coach once said to my brother, ? subject hard on and off the field.? I take hold lived my career so far off that saying.I?ve told others that and others pretend told me that. First hand I have seen students who can?t or don?t care to keep their grades up. They just slide from one class to the next working just enough to pass. They then were invited to come play a sport or do and activity with friends after school. They learned how much fun playing sports could be so they picked up their grades so they could play football, or wrestle. Even after the season was over they d ecided they wanted to keep their grades up and it wasn?t that hard to do it in the end.School sports also help those who don?t play. While keeping kids who play off the streets and away from bad influences it also motivates others to do the same. When school figures are supported and kids want to be like them they want to be great and will change a lot to be like the one they admire. For the most part those who play sports can?t do well if they are doing activities not suitable for students their ages (drugs, alcohol, violence, crimes.) so they are almost forced to act a good example while playing a sport. A winning sports season in a school-supported sport also raises the moral and competency of students. They become proud of their school and what they have done and want to keep the good name they have earned. Studentswill talk about the season and have better memories of school. Ten years later a reunion will echo with, ?Do you remember instead of having a reunion where no one s hows up because they felt as if they were not a part of their school or they had no memories they wished to remember with their class.Above all you cannot end school sports for the minority of people who disagree with having sports sponsored by schools. Those few may have had a bad experience with sports and find it hard to fit in with those who?ve had good experiences. If you end it all for a few people everyone will become like those few people and sports as a whole may disappear, competition will disappear, initiative will disappear and people will have to find other paths to take to gain these skills so badly needed in life. around of these paths taken will not be well chosen and can lead people astray in life. Again leading to crimes, drugs, alcohol, and other felonious activities.Baseball, movie shows, singers, and others helped cheer those in both the world wars. It kept American moral up and lead people to a time of prosperity and repose after World War II. Soldiers woul d talk about the World Series while they sat in their trenches rooting for a team. They would go watch a boxing match to take their mind off of what lay ahead for the time. With out these activities soldiers would have had to turn their attention elsewhere. Probably back to fighting which was the only thing they didn?t want to think about. Sports helped in the war effort so why can?t it help in the school effort.

Practicum Report Essay Example for Free

Practicum Report EssayI would like to acknowledgethe contri exceptions of the following persons/individuals to the development of my paper/project My classmates and Friends Whos been there support me every time that Igot questions about our paper,I constantly ask for their advise. I greatly value their friendship and I deeply appreciate their judgement in me. My Family None of this would have been possible without the love and patience of my family. My immediate family to whom this dissertation is dedicated to, has been a constant source of love, concern, support and strength every last(predicate) these years. I would like to express my heart-felt gratitude to my family. My extended family has aided and encouraged me throughout this endeavor. I warmly appreciate the generosity and understanding of my extended family whos always giving me my allowance, for me to be able to go to my practicum site. To our practicum adviser, Mr. Romeo Carangian I have been amazingly fortunate to have an adviser who gave me the freedom to explore on my own, and at the resembling time the guidance to recover when my steps faltered.We hadswapped fromCity Garden Suite to Lotus Garden Hoteland our schedule for this time is for morning shift. At firstday of dutyin Kitchen, we felt already the presence of laughterandenjoyment. Chefsweresonaughtyandtheydonttakethework seriously. I mean while cooking they tend to be amusing sothat everybody is happy and you wont fell the tiredness. Forus, who are trainees, were only capable to be the assistant ofchef. We prepared food and ingredients needed for breakfast. Westockedready-to-used foodinrefrigeratorandweeven cookedvegetable which used for garnish.How great it was to be withfunny chefs yet weve conditioned things which we could use in thefuture. Theysharednotonlytipsincookingbutalsoitsprocedure. Ifforgarnish,weareallowedtomakeitbecausethey are just simple to follow and prepare. How many times thatI was assigned to cook for the food o f employees The other wayfor us to learn also was to take an insight of what the chef iscooking. Ive known how to make different types of omelet too. Quite sometimes were washing used plates though its not partof our duty. That was to show our willingness and gratefulnessto work in their establishments.

Role of Humor in Reducing Job Stress and Depression

Role of liquid body substance in Reducing dividing line foc utilize and embossmentThe Role of fancy in Reducing Job Stress and Depression among NursesAbstractStudies show that it is very important to reduce trading stress and belief of nurses. The main objective of this information was to research the role of pique in cut job stress and depression among nurses. The study took place at hospitals in Iran. After distri furthering questionnaires, 210 accurate questionnaires have been used for data analysis. This enquiry was conducted victimization three separate Questionnaires card (Khoshouei et al. 2009), stress (Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein, 1983), and depression (Radloff, 1977). Structural Equation cast (SEM) was conducted to examine the relationship between humor, job stress and depression. The finding showed that humor has a negative repair on job stress and depression with a significant path coefficient at -0.65 and -0.76. In addition, Job stress has a positive impa ct on depression with a significant path coefficient at 0.71. The results of research showed that humor could be considered as a predictor of reducing job stress and depression and job stress could be considered as a predictor of depression.Keywords mode, Job stress, Depression, Nurse1. IntroductionThe role of nursing is associated with multiple and conflicting demands imposed by nurse supervisors and managers, and by medical and administrative staff. such(prenominal) a situation appears to lead to clobber overload and possible to role conflict. One of the most significant risks nurses are exposed to in their run short is stress. numerous recent studies have explored work stress among health care personnel in many countries. Stress can have a significant impact on individual nurses and their ability to accomplish tasks and more specifically, poor decision-making, drop of concentration, apathy, decreased motivation and anxiety may impair job performance creating uncharacteristi c errors (Jones, Tanigawa, and Weisse, 2003)Stress, up to a certain point, will improve peoples performance and quality of life because it is healthy and essential that they should experience challenges within their lives, but if pressure becomes excessive, it loses its beneficial effect and becomes harmful (Moustaka, and Constantinidis, 2010). Evidence shows that stress has a negative impact on human body, regarding to its biological, psychological and spiritual dimensions (Chinery, 2007 Lambert and Lambert, 2008)Concerning to the work related stress, health professions were forgotten for a time but recent research has contributed to include these practitioners in the group of the most exposed to stress repayable to the particular characteristics of their job (Amaro and Jesus, 2008).It is important to recognize that stress is a state, not an illness, which may be experienced as a result of an exposure to a wide range of work demands and in turn can contribute to an equally wide ra nge of outcomes, which may concern the employees health and be an illness or an injury, or changes in his/her behavior and lifestyle (Moustaka, and Constantinidis, 2010).Many research projects have been done to study the antecedences of stress and depression so far. Stress management and reducing the stress in individual is a key concept in organizational behavior. One of factor that has an impact in reducing the stress and depression is humor. Humor has been recognized in the literature as a complex and personal phenomenon regarding its multidimensional nature and the different meanings that people prop to the concept. Thereby, although this complex concept has been largely studied by the health and social sciences, no commonly accepted definition was suggested (Santos and Jose, 2012). Romero and Cruthirds (2006) define humor as peculiar communications that produce positive emotions and cognitions in the individual, group, or organization. In the management literature, humor is d efined as a message whose ingenuity, verbal skill, and/or incongruity has the power to evoke joke (Bergeron, and Vachon, 2008). Although thither are examples of studies of humor, the literature is most often conceptual, and does not empirically examine the value of humor for attend to organizations. The aim of this research is to study the role of humor in reducing job stress and depression among nurses.2. Hypothesis development literature review shows that there are four contributing factors that make defining humor difficult (Mesmer-Magnus and Viswesvaran , 2012)(1) Humor and sense of humor are often used interchangeably(2) Humor is multi-dimensional(3) Humor is quantified in various ways and(4) There are positive and negative humor styles.In check 1 the five humor styles has been displayed.Figure 1. Five humor styles (Moshref Javadi et al. 2013)Research supports humor as an excellent stress management tool. Many people find that maintaining a sense of humor is serviceable for a good quality of life. Sense of humor gives the ability to find delight, experience joy, and release tension. Studies show the existence of an intrinsic connection between humor and the stress level (Santos and Jose, 2012). The results of the study previously carried out by Astedt-Kurki and Liukkonen (1994), indicated that humor takes an important role on the management of work related stress. Humor and laughter are a powerful emotional medicine that can lower stress, dissolve anger, and unite people in troubled times.Humor in the oeuvre has been identified as beneficial (Hoption et al. 2013). Having a great sense of humor provides many clear advantages. It increases energy and gives a feeling of well-being by bear upon the release of chemicals, such as endorphins and adrenaline (Miller, 1996). It decrease depression, anxiety and stress, as well as enhance ones mood, immunity to illness, and life/family satisfaction. As you can see in Figure 2, employee humor has impact in emplo yee health like burnout, stress, health and coping effectiveness.Figure 2. Employee humor outcomes (Mesmer-Magnus and Viswesvaran , 2012)Depression among nurses may be linked to the high level of their stress. Nurses can be a high-risk occupational population for experiencing depressive symptoms because of high job demands and complex environmental conditions (Gelsema et al., 2005). Literature review shows that stress has a significant association with depression (Chiang and Chang, 2012).Hence, hypotheses are formulated as followH1 Humor has a negative impact on job stressH2 Humor has a negative impact on depressionH3 Job stress has a positive impact on depression.On the basis of theoretical background the following conceptual model is developed.Figure 3. Conceptual framework3. MethodologyA survey/questionnaire research was conducted to test the research hypothesis.3.1. SampleThe study took place at hospitals in Iran. Data were gathered from self-reported questionnaires by 210 nurse s. Regarding the demographic information, most participants were female (60 percent), age from 20 to 50 geezerhood old, 70 percent were married, working tenure between 1 to more than 10 years, and all of them were academic educated. The characteristics of the participants are described in skirt 1. duck 1.Demographic characteristicsDemographic variablesN=210GenderFemaleMale12684Age20-3031-4041-501138116Marital statusSingleMarried63147 functional tenureLess than 2 years2-10 yearsMore than 10 years11147523.2. InstrumentsThis research was conducted using three separate instruments.3.2.1. Humor questionnaireHumor was assessed using the Sense of Humor Questionnaire (SHQ) developed by Khoshouei et al. (2009). The SHQ is a 25-item, 5-points Likert-type scale (1 refers to strongly disagree and 5 refers to strongly agree).3.2.2. Stress questionnaireStress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale, 10-item version (PSS-10) (Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein, 1983). In this scale the respon se options range is from 0 (never) to 4 (very often), with higher scores indicating greater stress.3.2.3. Depression questionnaireDepression was assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) (Radloff, 1977). The CES-D is a 20-item, 4-point Likert-type scale (1 refers to rarely or none of the time and 4 refers to most or all of the time).Cronbachs of import was used to estimate the reliability of internal consistency. Table 2 shows the reliability of questionnaires.Table 2. Reliability analysisQuestionnaireSourceHumor(Khoshouei et al. 2009)0.76Stress(Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein, 1983)0.79Depression(Radloff, 1977)0.84As you can see in Table 2 none of the reliability estimates fell below 0.70, so the scale reliabilities were considered acceptable.3.3. Data analysisAfter examination the reliability of the questionnaires, the measurement models and research hypotheses was tested. For this purpose, geomorphologic equation modeling was conducted to tes t the hypotheses and to examine the relationships among the variables. We relied on several statistics to evaluate the goodness-of-fit of the models that includes RMSEA, GFI, NFI, CFI and CMIN/df. Two statistical programs, SPSS 18 and Amos 21, were utilise to conduct the data analyses.4. ResultsFirst three measurement models were separately analyzed. Table 3 shows fit indices of the measurement models.Table 3. Fit indices of measurement modelsCMIN/dfCFINFIGFIRMSEAModel1.690.9530.9120.9180.021Humor1.240.9160.9090.9410.056Stress2.730.9250.9280.9370.072Depression90%90%90%Acceptable amountComparing the amount of fit indices and their acceptable amount shows that overall fit of the measurement models is acceptable.For testing the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling has been used. Table 4 shows the fit indices of the structural model. The results in Table 4 shows the values of fit indices all reach the acceptable amount.Table 4. Fit indices of the structural modelCMIN/dfCFI NFIGFIRMSEAModel2.350.9110.9270.9390.0651structural90%90%90%Acceptable amountTwo indices named critical ratio (CR) and P have been used for testing the meaning of hypotheses. If CR1.96 then in the significance level of 0.05 are confirmed the hypotheses. Table 5 shows the hypotheses and regression coefficients.Table 5. Results of hypotheses testResultPCRHypotheses back up0.004.268-0.65Humor has a negative impact on job stress back up0.003.634-0.76Humor has a negative impact on depressionSupported0.005.1650.71Job stress has a positive impact on depression.As Table 5 shows, humor has a negative impact on job stress and depression with a significant path coefficient at -0.65 and -0.76. In addition, Job stress has a positive impact on depression with a significant path coefficient at 0.71.5. ConclusionHigher level of workloads with limited amount of nursing staffs can cause a variety of negative outcomes such as work stress and depression (Chiang and Chang, 2012) so it is very important to reduce job stress and depression of nurses. The main objective of this study was to explore the role of humor in reducing job stress and depression among nurses. Another objective of this research was to determine the effectuate of job stress on depression. The finding showed that humor has a negative impact on job stress and depression with a significant path coefficient at -0.65 and -0.76. In addition, Job stress has a positive impact on depression with a significant path coefficient at 0.71. The results of research showed that humor could be considered as a predictor of reducing job stress and depression and job stress could be considered as a predictor of depression.This research creates an important implication for managers of organization. The results of this study state that having a sense of humor is a powerful way to reduce job stress and depression. As previous researches showed employee humor is associated with enhanced work performance, satisfaction, workgroup cohesi on, health, and coping effectiveness, as well as decreased burnout, stress, and work withdrawal (Mesmer-Magnus and Viswesvaran, 2012). Creating a humorous workplace is an important factor that must be considered by managers of organizations. Employees with a sense of humor and a humorous workplace can reduce job stress and depression among nurses. The main limitation of this research was the nurses lack of time in responding to the questionnaires. This research aimed to analyze the role of humor in reducing job stress and depression among nurses the study can be performed in the other organizations and other countries for more confirmation of results.ReferencesAmaro, H., and de Jesus, S. N. (2008), Vulnerabilidade ao Stresse em Profissionais de Emergncia Mdica Pr-Hospitalar, Mudanas Psicologia da Sade, 16, 62-70.Astedt-Kurki, P., and Liukkonen, A. (1994), Humor in nursing care, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 20, 183-188.Bergeron, J., and Vachon, M. A. (2008), The effects of humor usa ge by financial advisors in sales encounters, International Journal of Bank Marketing, 26(6), 376 398. http//dx.doi.org/10.1108/02652320810902424.Chiang, Y. M., and Chang, Y. C. (2012). Stress, depression, and intention to leave among nurses in different medical units Implications for health care management/nursing practice, Health Policy, 108, 149 157. http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2012.08.027.Chinery, W. (2007), Alleviating stress with humor a literature review, Journal of Perioperative Practice, 17, 172-182.Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., and Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and cordial Behavior, 24, 38596. http//dx.doi.org/10.2307/2136404.Gelsema, T. I, van der Doef, M., Maes, S., Akerboom, S., and Verhoeven, C. (2005), Job stress in the nursing profession the inuence of organizational and environmental conditions and job characteristics. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(3), 22240. http//dx.doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.1 2.3.222Hoption, C., Barling, L. and Turner, N. (2013), Its not you, its me transformational lead and self-deprecating humor, Leadership Organization Development Journal, 34(1), 4 19. http//dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437731311289947Jones, D., Tanigawa, T., and Weisse, S. (2003). Stress management and workplace disability in the U.S., Europe, and Japan. Journal of Occupational Health, 45, 1-7. http//dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh.45.1.Lambert, V. A., and Lambert, C. E. (2008), Nurses workplace stressors and coping strategies, Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 14, 38-44. http//dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1075.41934.Mesmer-Magnus, J., Glew, D. J, and Viswesvaran, C. (2012), A meta-analysis of positive humor in the workplace, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(2), 155 190. http//dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683941211199554.Miller, J. (1996), Humor an empowerment tool for the 1990s, Empowerment in Organizations, l.4(2), 16-21. http//dx.doi.org/10.1108/09684899610118046Moshref Javadi, M. H., Salehzadeh, R., and Hoseini poor, S. (2013).Studying the kindred between Humor and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management scientific disciplines, 3(3), 146-151. http//dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARAFMS/v3-i3/100.Moustaka, E., Constantinidis, T. C. (2010), Sources and effects of Work-related stress in nursing, Health Science Journal, 4(4), 210-216.Radloff, L. S. (1977), The CES-D Scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385401. http//dx.doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306.Romero, E. J., and Cruthirds, K. W. (2006), The use of humor in the workplace, Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(2), 58-69. http//dx.doi.org/10.5465/amp.2006.20591005.Santos, M. I., and Jose, H. (2012). Humor and Health Practitionaires Stress, Humor contributions in stress management, Advanced Research in Scientific Areas, 1022-1026.

Different Organisational Structures And Culture Commerce Essay

Different Organisational Structures And elaboration Commerce EssayThis report leave behind for discuss the consummation of individuals and radicals within organizations. It will investigate the connections among the social system and farming of organisations and how these work together and affect the work of employees it will as well as explain the effect of opposite leadership styles with in different organisations. A comparative analysis will also be inducted, using four companies namely British Airways, Southwest Airline, coca plant Cola accompany and Tesco. discriminate and contrast different organisational expressions and enculturation.Organisational structuresOrganisational structure is transition to the continuum of commandment of an organisation and how each sections of this hierarchy work together to induce the aims and objectives of the organisation.(Meese, 2012)An organisation structure is the way the phone line is set up. This includes lines of communicati on and span of concur. It financial aids the business run effectively giving a visual picture of the organisation. Managers and employees ar in charge with different caper to complete and by completing their task they basis improve organisation aims and objectives. There atomic number 18 different types of organisational structures much(prenominal) as tall and prone.A directly organisation has a small number of levels or just one level of vigilance were the sequence of commandment is from the top to the bottom, it is short and the span of tell is extensive. It bunghole be stired that British Airways organisational structure is flat as it suggests that its ca aimment starts from the top to the bottom, it is not too long and the span of control is broad. British Airways managing director has lots of employees reporting to them. Their organisation structure is distributed into different departments which argon proviso, investment and alliances, commerce, ground opera tion, engineering, flight operation, finance, law, and clement resource. These departments have province to ensure standardised and supervising of performance. See British Airways organisational structure chart in (Appendix 1).A tall organisational structure have many levels of charge among the executives and the front line employees, where the structure from top to bottom is long and the span of control is not too broad, it can be suggested that the coca Cola follow possesses a tall organisational structure. Coca Cola has two operating groups that is bottling investments and corporate and operating groups in about all continents. See Coca Colas organisational structure chart in (Appendix 2).Organisational cultureThe organisational culture consists of the essential assumption, thoughts principles and standard which ar together with other members of an organisation come out from the history and tradition of an organisation. (BPP Learning Media, 2010)Organisational culture inclu des of premises that members share and clear in common. It involves structural permanence and entrenched all over the organisations languages. People can tell about an organisations culture by look at what staffs are wear, what time they come to work and even by how office space is distributed. The culture will be affecting from and have influenced on leadership and forethought styles and it will play a most important role in customer fulfilment. An organisations culture summarise what it has been good at and what has worked in the past. E real organisation has different cultures such asRole Culture This is suitable to a hierarchy organisational structure. This type of culture work well in employees performance on the role that he/she has been programmed and relates with the rules and regulations of the organisation.Task Culture This culture gives confidence for people to work as a team this works well in a leading structure.Power Culture This works capital in a matrix structure . It is found around one prevailing individual or manager. mortal Culture this culture considers on providing administrative assist and backing and shut consideration to one individual in the organisation. (BPP Learning Media, 2010)In British Airways merchandise combine with the extremely visible organisation culture experienced by passengers. The culture is actually what customers buy. It is a great example in which the physical type, such as seating and food, are implanted. Developing an effective aid culture moves British Airways forward of its challengers or competitors, their culture can be viewed in the performance of cabin employees on board. See British Airways organisational culture in (Appendix 3) and the Coca Cola Company adopt two types of cultures such as, role culture and task culture see Coca Cola organisational culture in (Appendix 4).Explain how the relationship between an organisations structure and culture can have-to doe with on the performance of the busines sOrganisational structure is the hierarchical phases of an organisation the structure provides rule and strategy on agreement and employee responsibilities and affects the organisation culture. An organisations culture is a recognisable, together held combination of position and values, as well as the types of employees relationships and ways of responsibilities to do things inside the organisation. Organisational structure impacts on organisation culture through authority, organising and encouraging employees to efforts and work together to attain company aims and objectives. Organisational structure and culture have an effect on employee performance, motivation, satisfaction and relationships. Refereeing to British Airways and Southwest Airline organisational structure is the method by which BA and Southwest Airline communicate, deal out responsibility and compatible to change. By organisational structure both airline can engage resources to attain its goals. They keep its stru cture active so that it can react to the things that impact organisational structure.However, most important thing that impacts organisational structure is the development. As a company develops, the impact on the structure of the organisation is important. This can be mostly true when organisation start to become larger, for example when British Airway and Southwest Airline start to book vaingloriousger to other geographic regions and the structure of their organisation will increase over. Also customer needs have an impact in businesses, beca function customer service is important in business, that is why many companies have exploit complete separation devoted to customer service and chief(prenominal)tenance. Technology can have an impact on how an organisation is structured and work. An example is computer, when computer networks develop, it became faster and easier for people to work as groups. Referring to British Airways and Southwest Airline the exercise computer to make reservations for customers, to keep data about airline employees and payroll are essential and important.Every organisation has its own culture. Since many employees spend more hours at their work steer, their organisations culture affects both their work and personal lives. An organisational culture mentions to the viewpoint, thought, principles and values that the employees of an organisation helps to and culture is an important facets in the success and givement of the organisation. However, culture has positive impact on organisation, and the affects is that it motivates and satisfies their employees by encouraging loyalty to the organisation values and objectives and make employees believe valued and trusted. It can help the adaptability of an organisation by cheering innovation, customers care range to hold new method and technologies. Also it affects on organisation image and culture features image to be smart and attractive or unattractive and unappealing. equalise the ef fectiveness of different leadership styles in different organisations.Leadership is a method of control in which one person can join to break and support others in the growth and achievement of a task or duty, and it is the do of leading others. Leadership style is the method and approach of providing way sustain plans, and attractive individuals. The three most important styles of leadership are autocratic, democratic and laissez faire.AutocraticThis style is utilize when leaders tell their employees what they urgency completed and how they want it performed, without attainment the recommendation of their groups see definition of the autocratic style in (Appendix 5). Autocratic style used in circumstances where control and management is needed, on a regular basis where there is small edge for mistake. The advantages of this style are that it make less employees stress owing to increased control because manager have all responsibility for a project. The autocratic manager impr oves employees working speed and makes them less likely to lose and helps to make faster design. The autocratic leadership style is useable in the following work situations See (Appendix 6)DemocraticThe democratic leadership style means facilitating the conversation, encouraging people to share their ideas, and then synthesising all the available breeding into the best possible decision. (Mullins. L, 2005)This style engages the leader include employees in the decision making process to decide what to do and how to do it. However, the leader maintains the final decision making power. This leadership style supports the giving out of responsibility and put representation into practice. In this style manager is in charge with all main issues and decisions welcomes feedback on the results of plans and the workplace control. The advantages of this leadership style are that it brings positivity in work environment it make boffo the plans which mean that the process of conversation an d feedback moderately results in the improved of decision making and more effectual operations it brings creativity thoughts and decrease employee income.Laissez-faireIs a style where the manager observes that members of the group are working well on their own (Mullins. L, 2005). In this style, the manager allows the employees to make the decisions and manager is not interfere but they still in charge for the decisions that are made. This is used when employees are capable to investigate the situation and decide what needs to be done and how to do it. In this style no one can guilt each other if the things go wrong, but this is a style to be use when associates are completely belief and confidence in the individuals beneath them.For example A management style is taken as a whole method of leadership used by the manager. The Coca Cola Company use these following management styles, but each one in different departments. There are three most important types of management styles used in Coca Cola. See (Appendix 7). On other hand Autocratic is leadership style that British Airways adopts.See (Appendix 8).Explain how organisational scheme underpins the practice of management.Organisational theory and management theory is applied in several facets of a working business. Lots of people try hard to stick to the theory because it helps them to become successful and better at their jobs. counselling is a very important function in all organisations. It is attaining things complete through and with other individuals to attain needed goals by efficiently using available resources. There are five major strands of thoughtsScientific managementScientific management became popular in the early 1900s and it was introduced by Frederick w. Taylor (Meese. 2012). The scientific method works as an objective and focuses on new ways of doing jobs. Management science attempts to apply this same approach in transaction with problems that arise within business operations. Its use as a problem solving approach finds applications in areas such as decision-making, design processes and strategic planning and problem could be get rid of by developing a science of management.Classical administration (Bureaucracy)Classical management theory was introduced by gunk Weber (Meese, 2012). The term is used to explain the scientific management and general administrative theorists. Organisations use this management to deal with issues in management, including effects, top value, charges decrease and to manage employee relationships. This approach used by many small business holders to growth and improve their organisation and to attain something. One of the benefits of this approach is an understandable organisational hierarchy with divide management stages, where each management group has its individual aim and responsibilities. The top management is generally the directors or the chief executives. The Middle management direct is the supervisors. At the bottom stage are the supervisors who handle each days performances. The other half of serious music theory is bureaucracy and is generally found in big organisation. The importance of bureaucracy means that it is often studied separately from classical management, which the information are taken from practical experience.Human relations approachThe human relation approach was introduced by Elton Mayo (Meese. S, 2012).This approach takes nearly the contradictory turn on management. They make sure that the location they work in is full secure and safe and to make sure that the employees are did not have their physical or mental health support as a second of their working environment. Organisations are use this approach to getting better the self-confidence of their employees and this would include a huge stage of support and acknowledgment for the work that they are doing.Systems approachThe system approach to organisation was developed at the Tavistock Institute of Human Relation in the 1950 (Meese. M, 2012) It is a set of linked parts performing together to achieve some aim and goal which be in the environment. The systems approach is an idea which shows a company as a unified useful system that includes of some business sections. It is an approach which lets the management to see the company as a joint part. Such a system may allow the management to successfully decide the long-term objectives of the organisation.Contingency approachHandy (1987) suggested a contingency approach to leadership (BPP Learning Media, 2010). The contingency approach part that organisational systems are related with their environment and that different environments require different organisational relationships for effective performance of the organisation.Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisations.Management theories are very important because it is contribute to make all employees more creative in organisation. The aims are to increase efficiency and to getting a group of persons to attain a specific aim. There are many benefits of management theories and one of the benefits is that it helps managers and employees to identify how to manage and deal with matters that may exist in the organisation. With management theories organisations can balance every days task. However, management theory is not just about to train managers how motivate employees to be more creative, it also shows managers how to be good leader. For example Coca Cola Company and Tesco use management theories to make their employees more creativeCoca Cola use scientific management and in each work they have its own requirement and appoint each character on the base of work explanation. They chose the greatest way to achieve the job and they split work equally among the management and the top management give confidence their employees and help them to improve organisation. In other hand Tesco use scientific management to bring up to date their employees knowledge to maintai n profitable ability and make them revolve in working areas. Tesco offer training to employees that will give them the chance to obtain on another stage, also it give managers and employees the experience to their work and opportunity to growth their careers.Coca Cola Company use classical approach to tell their employees how to do their job in a way that obtains the job done. They use this approach to deal with the problems that arise in their company and to find well way for their organisation implementing and management. Also it recommends the growth of measured methods for performing the jobs and the individuals are train to work faster and better. Tesco also use classical management because this theory sees Tescos structure and places importance on development of their work and the principals of their management and employees behaviour. Also they use to understand how the methods of working the organisation use and consequently how to improve them.The human relation approach t akes almost the opposite roll on Coca Cola management because this method considers more on the employees themselves and their needs and wants. It is theory that if the Coca Cola management is to find the most excellent and most comfortable way for the employees to work, this will help them with a great level of working behaviour, ethic and efficiency. Tesco has a human relations approach to business. This approach is quite unofficial and Tesco knows the significance of keeping their staffs happy.Administrative management Coca Cola and Tescos managers have power to take decisions. All the employees in both organisations are well-organised. All the departments of both organisations help with each other for the improvement of the organisation.Coca-Cola use system approach and the systems aims are to help from inside the organisation, to increase employees attitude for the future, to make managers accountable for growth attempt, and to make employees eventually in charge for their imp rovement. corresponding as Coca Cola, Tesco use this approach to create a well-organised organisation. Tesco create the system to be identified by the employees in order for them to hold their works and improved.Contingency theory is very important in Coca Cola Company because it contributes them to the achievement of organisational objective in different type of circumstances. It can also help close relationships between their employees and leaders grow more simply. The theory let their leaders to identify the particular works they are responsible. Tesco also suggest using this approach because it states that their structure has important authority on the organisational performance and it highlights their structure and help them to the attainment of their organisation aim and goal.ConclusionAfter perusing and a analysing the results of this report show that there are a number of different organisational structures each with their benefits. The most suitable structure will depend on the size and type of business. Flat structures work best for small businesses or those with a small number of job roles and a business with a flat organisational structure require to make sure that each managers length of control does not become too broad so that they cannot manage their direct reports efficiently. Culture within an organisation is very important, playing a great role in whether or not the organisation is a happy and healthy place to work. Leadership style is belonging up the roll of the specific system that is a ready to follow. The achievements are belongs up on leaders procedure and purpose to attain the aim. Leader has long term or short term plan to attain the goals. Management is about getting things done. Organisational managers should require the skills to inspire and control others. Depending upon the situations, leaders will use different leadership styles. Management theory is applied in several facets of a working business and it is a very important f unction in all organisations. It supports to complete through and achieve goals successfully. There are five major strands of thoughts such as scientific management, classical administration, human relations approach, systems approach and contingency approach.RecommendationThis recommendation allowing British Airways and Coca Cola to develop and distribute their departmental chain of command to everyone so that the managers and their responsibilities are clearly understood by everyone. Communication is one of the most powerful tools an organisation has to work with, and communication regarding the structure of both organisations can help them to reduce confusion and make more efficient the process. In order to address the leadership on organisation in specific, and in developing or emerging organisation in wide-ranging, it is hereto recommended that the leadership should constantly be seen as a belief and be responsible for their supervision. Therefore, British Airways use autocrati c, it can be recommended to use democratic and Laissez-faire leadership styles as well. Tesco and Southwest Airline are doing will on their organisational behaviour so there no recommendation for them to change or improve any things.

Alkylation Process For Production Of Motor Fuels Environmental Sciences Essay

Alkylation Process For Production Of Motor Fuels Environmental Sciences EssayAlkylation is a work out for chemically combining isobutane with light olefinic hydro coulombs, typically C3 and C4 olefins, (e.g. propylene, butylene) in the presence of an venereal infectionulated accelerator, commonly sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid. The harvest-feast, alkylate (an isoparaffin) has a high-octane note value and is blended into motor and aviation gasoline to improve the antiknock value of the fuel. The light olefins atomic number 18 most(prenominal) commonly available from the catalytic crackers.Alkylate is one of the outstrip gasoline blending components because it is a clean burning, very baseborn sulphur component, with no olefinic or aromatic compounds and with high octane and abject evaporation pressure characteristics.1. insertion1.1 AlkylationAlkylation is a form for chemically combining isobutane with light olefinic hydrocarbons, typically C3 and C4 olefins, (e.g. propylene, butylene) in the presence of an acid catalyst, usually sulphuric acid (H2SO4) or hydrofluoric acid (HF). The return, alkylate (an isoparaffin) has a high-octane value and is blended into motor and aviation gasoline to improve the antiknock value of the fuel. The light olefins argon most commonly available from the catalytic crackers. Alkylate is one of the best gasoline blending components because it is a clean burning, very low sulphur component, with no olefinic or aromatic compounds and with high octane and low vapour pressure characteristics 1.1.2 Advances in alkylation technologiesThe alkylation process will continue to be a favoured technology for producing clean fuels.MTBE(methyl-tert-butyl ethanol) phase out in the USA, implementation of the latest European specifications, enlargement of the EU and adoption of cleaner fuels specifications worldwide are major drivers for refiners requiring more, high octane, gasoline blending components that do not contain aromati cs, benzene, olefins and sulphur. Also as the types of gasoline engine in use worldwide become more uniform, there will be a general decline in the markets for low octane gasoline requiring more components to be upgraded to high quality fuel.Table1 shows the major technical and mechanical advances. Reactor design improvements are one of the most important growths. The early plants used a pump and time-tank nuclear reactor system which was designed to mix the reactants intimately with the catalyst and to remove the exothermic heat of answer for temperature control 2 .It is required that for the desired replys to continue with the removal of the unwanted reactions, good mixing of higher concentrations of dissolved isobutane in the acid phase is necessary. Since the early reactors were deficient in this respect, new reactor designs evolved which improved the degree of acid-hydrocarbon contacting. The importance of good temperature control was also realized in the course of time as commercialised experience was gained. Regulating the temperature of the reaction mixture in the suitable range was essential for good alkylation. Inadequate temperature control resulted in decreased alkylate buffers and octanes and increase acid consumption. Therefore, to avoid these penalties the new reactor designs included improved temperature control techniques as well as improved mixing. The two most commonly used reactor systems which grew out of the reactor development work for H2SO4 alkylation are the Stratford Engineering Companys Stratco contactor and the M. W. Kellogg Corporation Cascade reactor were bubbled up through liquid HF.There keep back been improvements in the preparation of afford and this has given rise to growth in alkylation technology 4, 5. The ability to design better fractionators has made higher quality feedstocks available, and feed pretreatment facilities have been developed to remove water, mercaptans, sulfides, and diolefins effectively. Bauxite treating, hot water washing, and electrostatic precipitation are some of the signifi set upt developments which have improved product quality and cut offd fouling and eroding in downstream equipment. The sulfuric acid recovery process (SARP), developed to reduce the acid consumption in H2SO4 alkylation units was another contribution to alkylation technology. In this process the spent acid from an alkylation unit reacts with a portion of the olefin feed to form dialkylsulfates. The dialkylsulfates are extracted from the reaction mixture with isobutane, and the extract is charged to the alkylation unit.TableI Advances in alkylation technology 31) Improved reactorsA) better mixingB) better temperature control2) Recognition and control of operating variables3) Improved feed preparation4) Improved product treatment5) Sulfuric acid recovery process6) Catalyst promoters7) Mechanical and construction improvement2. Types of alkylation processesThe alkylation process arse be divided into t he sulfuric alkylation process and the hydrofluoric acid alkylation process, indirect alkylation by acidic resin, indirect alkylation by solid phosphoric acid and olefin hydrogenation.2.1. The sulphuric acid processThis process uses sulphuric acid as the catalyst and its feedstock are propylene, butylene, amylene, and fresh isobutane.Feedstocks are fed into the reactor which is divided into zones, each containing sulfuric acid, isobutane and olefins feed. The reactor product contains hydrocarbon and acid phases which are split in the settler the hydrocarbon phase is washed with caustic and hot water for pH control and then depropanized, deisobutanized, and debutanized. The alkylate product so formed can then be used for motor fuel blending or for producing aviation grade blends. The isobutane goes back to the feed.Figure1 Acid catalyzed isobutene dimerization to 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene and 2,4,4trimethyl2-pentene by the standard Whitmore-type carbocation mechanism 3.2.2 The hydrof luoric acid processThis process employs hydrofluoric acid as the catalyst. The two types of hydrofluoric acid alkylation process commonly used are the Philips and UOP (a Honeywell company) processes. While Philips uses a reactor/settler combination system, UOP uses two reactors with separate settlers 2.The major differences between sulfuric and hydrofluoric alkylations (HF) are temperature and acid consumption. Sulfuric alkylation requires refrigeration to maintain a low reactor temperature. The acid consumption rate for sulfuric alkylation is over a hundred times that of HF 8.Figure2 Aliphatic alkylation mechanism with hydrofluoric acid as catalyst (a-b) initiation by accessory of HF to the olefin and in the event of a sec.butylcation, hydridetransfer from isobutane to produce a tert.butyl cation, (c) olefin addition to the tert-butyl cation, and (d) hydride transfer form isobutane to yield alkylate and regenerate the tert-butylcation 3.TableII Research Octane Number (RON) and Mo tor Octane Number (MON) of alkylates typically produced by HF alkylation of isobutane with various olefins 3.olefin feedRONRON + MON / 2MONPropene91 9289.5 90.01-butene94.491.62-butene97.894.6Isobutene95.993.4Pentenes90 9193.4n-pentenes82.5TableIII Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Number (MON) of alkylates produced by H2SO4 alkylation of isobutane with various olefins at 9-10 C,94-95 % H2SO4 concentration, and isobutaneolefin ratio of 7-91 3Olefin feedRONMONPropene89.087.1n-butene97.893.9Isobutene93.290.3n-pentene91.088.0Isopentene91.288.82.3 verifying alkylation by acidic resinThis process employs the use of a north-polar solvent to limit the activity of the acid resin in order to improve the dimerization selectivity. High conversion of isobutene can be obtained at low temperature usually less than 100 C 8, 9 12. On an industrial scale, the recovery of the polar solvent (tertiary butyl alcohol) could serve to regulate the product distribution and also to reduce the amount of oligomer formed during production to less than 10 % 8.The alkylate produced from this technology has a research octane number (RON) of 99101 and motor octane number (MON) of 9699.2.4 Indirect alkylation by solid phosphoric acidThe principle of indirect alkylation by solid phosphoric acid (SPA) is the same as by acidic resin catalysis the difference being that dimerization over SPA follows an ester- ground mechanism 13. Heavy oligomer formation is mechanistically limited, 10 because the strength of the phosphoric acid ester bond decreases with increasing carbon number of the olefin.Indirect alkylation by SPA is carried out in two steps selective dimerization of isobutene (from C4 streams) to form diisobutene followed by hydrogenation to form the saturated product isooctane. Selectivity problems and catalyst deactivation hinder the isobutene dimerization reaction. Because this reaction decides the quality and properties of the alkylate formed, it is a crucial step in thi s process.The C4 stream, consisting mainly of isobutene, n-butane, isobutene, and n-butenes, is fed to the dimerization reactor, where isobutene is dimerized selectively in the presence of SPA catalyst. The reaction is exothermic, and heat must be removed to avoid temperature rises that can lead to the formation of undesired oligomers. These oligomers have relatively high molecular weights and b oil coloring points and are not suitable as gasoline blends they also rapidly deactivate the catalyst. Depending on the catalyst, an appropriate solvent may be needed to increase the selectivity toward the dimers. At higher operating temperatures the isobutene derived alkylate quality quickly deteriorates due to trimerization and cracking 11.Propene forms a stronger ester bond with the phosphoric acid than the butenes, and it will become the dominant carbocation extraction 12. The product stream from the reactor is fed to a distillation column, where dimerized and heavy products are separate d from the unreacted C4 components and solvent. The dimer is then saturated in a separate reactor to form alkylates in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst. In order to obtain alkylate quality hydrogenated products from an n-butene rich, isobutene lean feed, the reaction temperature should be less than 160 C and the feed should not contain more than 5 % propene or 10 % pentenes.3. Flow diagrams of direct and indirect alkylation processFigure3 Block go down diagrams of the direct alkylation (HF and H2SO4 catalysed alkylation) configurations evaluated 3.Flow diagram1 This is the base case for direct alkylation, using a straight run Iron-Based High Temperature Fischer-Tropsch (Fe-HTFT) C4 feed. There is little isobutane in the straight run feed, which constrains the alkylate yield.Flow diagram2 In order to overcome the constraint imposed by the low straight run isobutane pith of C4 feed, a hydroisomerization unit is included in this two-step flow diagram to convert the straight r un n-butane to isobutane. The hydroisomerization unit has an internal recycle, with an overall high isobutane yield. Although the alkylate yield may have been considerably improved compared to the base case, most of the C4 olefins have not been converted.Flow diagram3 The ratio of paraffins to olefins necessary for direct alkylation can be balanced by hydrogenating some of the C4 olefins to C4 paraffins in order to increase the alkylate yield.Flow diagram4 The alkylate yield may be further increased by using propene as the alkylating olefin. Propene is more abundant than the C4 hydrocarbons in straight run HTFT feed, which implies that all the hydrocarbons can be hydrogenated and hydro modifyd to isobutane for alkylation with propene. In this case an alkylate yield above 100 % based on the C4 feed can be obtained, but at lower octane number than with C4 material only.Figure4 Block flow diagrams of the indirect alkylation (acidic resin and solid phosphoric acid dimerization) configur ations evaluated 3.Flow diagram5 It consists of acid catalyzed dimerization followed by hydrogenation. The direct conversion of isobutene in straight run HTFT syncrude with an acidic catalyst has a low alkylate yield (8 %), since only 8 % of the C4 olefins are isobutene. However, this alkylate has an octane number of almost 100.Flow diagram6 By use of skeletal isomerization, the alkylate quality and yield of n-butenes to isobutene can be improved. The n-butene conversion in the case of acidic resin dimerization is very low, and it is best to isomerize all n-butenes to isobutene. This results in an alkylate yield of 81 %.4 Product yield and qualityIn a fuels refinery there is an incentive to convert normally aerosolised products into liquid transportation fuels. The quantity and the quality of the liquid fuel being produced are both important, and in terms of alkylate production, the quality is related to the octane number (ON) (1/2) RON + (1/2) MON) of the motor-gasoline. The inve sting economics is refinery dependent, with octane constrained refineries putting a premium on quality, while refineries with an unsaturated market putting a premium on volume.TableIV Alkylate yield and alkylate octane number calculated for the indirect alkylation flowschemes shown in frame4 3s/nDir.alkyl.fowschemeAlkyl.techAlkyl.yld(m%C4)Oct.no.(1/2)RON+(1/2)MON1BasecasestraightrunHTFTHFH2SO42294962Case1+C4hydroisomerisationHFH2SO4212094963Case2+butanehydrogenationHFH2SO410210194964Case3+propenealkylationHFH2SO41971899188The alkylate yield is based on the wad of alkylate produced per mass of total straight run high temperature Fisher TropschC4 cut material.TableV Alkylate yield and alkylate octane number calculated for the indirect alkylation flowschemes shown in figure3 3s/nIndir.Alkyl.flowschemeDim.techAlkyl.yld(m%C4)Oct.no(RON+MON)/25Base case straight runHTFTAcidicresinSPA872(90)b99876Base case + skeletalisomerisationAcidicresinSPA81859999The alkylate yield is based on the ma ss of alkylate produced per mass of total straight run high temperature Fischer-TropschC4 cut material.b yield including coproduced kerosen5 Environmental aspectsThe environmental burdens due to the treatment of big hydrofluoric acid (HF) losses from an alkylation unit cannot be overlooked. The reality is that hydrofluoric acid losses from the unit do occur through side-reactions, forming organic fluorides, which become entrained in product streams, and through direct entrainment of free HF in a heavy hydrocarbon waste stream 6, 7.The environmental aspects associated with the liquid phase direct alkylation processes led to the development of solid acid direct alkylation.From an environmental stand point, indirect alkylation is preferred to direct alkylation and that flowscheme5 (figure4) is the most environmentally friendly 3.6 ConclusionIt was institute that the choice of technology depended on the different refining priorities, namely, the following (a) Least complexity, (b) Hi ghest alkylate yield7 Literature1 Encyclopedia of Earth Home page. http//www.eoearth.org/article/alkylation_in_petroleum_refining (accessed Aug.30, 2010)2 Albright, L.F. comparing of Alkylation Processes Chem.Eng.,209, Oct.10, 1996.3 Wang, Y. Subramaniam, B., 6874 ,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res., Vol.47,number10, 2008.4 Albright, L.F. Alkylation Processes Using Sulfuric Acid As Catalyst, Ibid,143, Aug.15, 1997.5 De Klerk, A. isomerisation of 1-butene to isobutene at low temperature,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res., 43, 6325, 2004.6 Occupational Safety and Health Administration Homepage. http//www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html (accessed Aug.31, 2010).7 Warren, R.T. Alkylation and Isomerisation, oil and gas journal, vol 97,Issue4, Jan.26, 1999.8 UOPHomepage. http//www.uop.com/objects/NPRASpr2003HFAlkyd.pdf /Article/advances in hydrofluoric (HF) acid catalyzed alkylation(accessed Sept.14, 2010).9 Kamath, R. S. Qi, Z. Sundmacher, K. Aghalayam, P. Mahajani,S. M.,Process analysis for dimerization of i sobutene by reactive distillation,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res. 45, 1575, 2006.10 De Klerk, A. Reactivity differences of octenes over solid phosphoric acid,Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45, 578, 2006.11 De Klerk, A. Engelbrecht, D.J. Boikanyo, H. Oligomerization ofFischer-Tropsch olefins effect of feed and operating conditions onhydrogenated motor-gasoline quality, Ind. Eng.Chem. Res. 43, 7449, 2004.12 De Klerk, A. Distillate production by oligomerization of Fischer-Tropsch olefins over solid phosphoric acid, Energy Fuels, 20, 439, 2006.De Klerk, A. Isomerisation of 1-butene to isobutene at low temperature,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res., 43, 6325, 2004.13 Nelson, W.L., McGraw-Hill,New, petroleum refinery engineering third edition, p660,2003.

Lord of The Flies Book Report :: Book Review

Character PageRalphRalph is a fair boy of about twelve. He is the first character introduced in the paper and is a dominant leader throughout most of the book. He finds the conch, a symbol of order and authority. He blows the conch and holds an assembly in which he is voted chief. Ralph stays centre on getting rescued and building shelters while most of the others play and hunt. By the end all the boys have either turned against him or died. neandertalPiggy is a large, timid boy, with asthma and specs (eye glasses). He is Ralphs loyal sidekick from the start. His brilliant mind and logical thinking be trapped wrong his unattractive body. He is disrespected and rejected because of his looks, and used for his glasses, which are the only means of starting the fire. Piggy struggles to stay strong and clear through the madness and chaos. squatJack is the leader of the choir boys who become the first band of hunters. He is intent on becoming savage and killing pigs for meat. He negle cts the fire, their only apply for rescue, and goes hunting instead. Jack rebels against Ralph and forms his own tribe at the other end of the Island. His tribe hunts all day and holds feasts and dances every night. His violent instincts show up in murder and destruction as civilization runs out of him. SimonSimon is mysterious and spiritual. He is a small boy with incredible, silent, courage and strength. He starts out a set off of Jacks choir, then becomes loyal to Ralph when he is elected chief. Simon helps Ralph with the shelters and is admired by the littluns. He has a spiritual encounter with the Lord of the Flies, which is a pigs head on a stick. This encounter is one of the most symbolic incidences in the book. The head is the beast that all the littluns fear and represents the inner instincts and evils in man. SamnericIn the parentage Sam and Eric are recognized as two separate people, two twin brothers. By the end they are referred to as Samneric, a single being. They w ere loyal to Ralph in the beginning and throughout most of the book. Towards the end they are captured by Jacks tribe and join in on a hunt for Ralph. They are weak and easily swayed by forceful power.PlotThe book opens with the description of a beautiful island with pink rocks, warm pools, and a long, palm lined, beach protected by a coral reef.

Tecumsehs confederation Essays -- essays research papers

Tecumseh was a very significant Native American who gave his life for what he believed. He knew that the Americans were a tremendous threat to all Indian tribes, and realized that the Indians would be destroyed one by one if not united. Tecumseh created a confederation of xxxii tribes in hopes that the Americans would recognize their borders and thus put a halt to westward expansion. His confederation may have succeeded if it were not for the mistakes made by his brother, Laulewasika, the Americans violent actions towards the Indian tribes, and the unwillingness of the different tribes to cooperate. Tecumseh was born in March of 1768. His real name was Tecumtha, which meant "panther lying in wait," but to the white men he was called Tecumseh which stood for " guesswork star." His father was a Shawnee war chief named Puckeshinwa who was an intelligent man that saw the advantage of keeping friendly relations with the Americans (Patriot 137). When Tecumseh was a young b oy, his father was gingersnap by a group of settlers that were in the Shawnees land. When his father did not come home, Tecumseh went out in search of him. When he found his father dying from the appall and learned what had happened he was filled with rage and animosity towards the white people (Patriot 140).Tecumseh was very young at the time of his fathers death, so he was raised by his Mother and his brothers and sisters. His mother taught him to hate the Americans and never let him for scram that they had killed his father. His oldest brother Chiksika taught him to be a warrior, and his sister told him to have respect for his elders and to respect all people. A Shawnee chief by the name of Blackfish also adopted Tecumseh into his family, and acted as a father figure. Blackfish saw the Americans as a threat and urged that they had to be stopped. Each of these peoples instilled in him different characteristics which played a large role in the rest of his life (Blodgett). When he was still young he wanted to stop the settlers from further moving into the Indians land, so himself and a group of Shawnees made the Ohio River so hazardous that the traffic on the river almost completely stopped (Patriot 142). When he was visiting his sister in Ohio he met a young American girl named Rebecca Galloway. She taught Tecumseh to speak some English and helped him to learn to r... ...t tribes what had happened, blaming the Winnebagos for the loss. Groups of Indians attacked settlers in Indiana and Illinois to get back at the Americans. These attacks scared the Americans and soon they raised an army and attacked the individual tribes, and almost starting a war (Blodgett).      Finally when the war of 1812 started between the Americans and the British assisted by the Indians, the hopes of a confederation were almost completely lost. Tecumseh, along with a couple of Indians joined the British army where he was placed at the rank of brigadier-general. But at the Battle of Themes on October 6, 1813 he was killed, forever destroying all hope of there being a Confederation of all the Indian tribes (Dictionary 1127).      Tecumseh was a very courageous and honorable warrior who fought and died for his people. Tecumseh saw himself not as a Shawnee, but as an Indian, and knew that his people had no chance to survive if they were not united. His plan to combine all the different tribes under one confederation could have worked if there had not been so much opposition from the Americans.